Investigation of Virulence and Antibiotic-Resistance of <i>Bacillus cereus</i> Isolated from Various Spices

Torki Baghbadorani, Sahar; Rahimi, Ebrahim; Shakerian, Amir

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8390778

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology

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Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2023 | Article ID 8390778 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8390778

Investigation of Virulence and Antibiotic-Resistance of Bacillus cereus Isolated from Various Spices

Sahar Torki Baghbadorani,¹Ebrahim Rahimi,²and Amir Shakerian²

Academic Editor: Era Upadhyay

Received30 Oct 2022

Revised15 Apr 2023

Accepted02 May 2023

Published09 May 2023

Abstract

Spices and herbs are potential vectors for virulent and pathogenic micro-organisms, which cause illness in consumers, contribute to spoilage, and reduce the durability of foodstuffs. The present study aims to provide relevant data about virulence and antibiotic resistance of Bacillus cereus isolated from various spices. A total of 200 samples of 8 types of spices (black pepper, chilli, white pepper, cumin, cinnamon, turmeric, curry powder, and sumac) were collected from various markets, retail shops, and sucuk production premises located in the Isfahan province of Iran. Presumptive B. cereus strains were obtained using Bacara Agar plates after enrichment in saline peptone water and final colonies were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Enterotoxin (HBL) and nonhaemolytic enterotoxin (NHE) production were assessed using the Duopath® Cereus Enterotoxins Test kit. The Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method was applied as antibiotics susceptibility test. PCR was used to detect Emetic toxin gene (CES and CER) and enterotoxigenic toxin gene (cytK, nheA, hblC, and entFM). Results show a significant prevalence of B. cereus (42%) in spices. However, the spices meet food safety recommendations (<10⁴ cfu/g). Antibiotics susceptibility test show alarming rate of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics specially ampicillin (83.33%) and penicillin (82.14%). Concerning the toxin producing capacity more than half of the isolates (51.19%) produce NHE toxin and 27.38% produce HBL toxin. The most abundant gene were nheA, nheB, and nheC and a combination of 4 genes (entFM, nheA, hblC, and cytK) was detected in many isolates. In conclusion, the presence of multidrug resistant B. cereus strains carrying diarrhoeal toxin-encoding genes in spices intended for human consumption represents a serious health hazard. These results indicate the need for regular surveillance of the occurrence of B. cereus strains in spices and food products in Iran.

1. Introduction

Bacillus cereus is a member of B. cereus group and is a Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria widely found in the natural environment and in foods [1]. This bacterium can survive during the drying and heating processes [2] and its vegetative cells can poison food [3]. Indeed, Bacillus cereus is one of the main species contributing to food-borne diseases [4]. B. cereus has been ranked among the top ten agents involved in food and water poisoning [5]. Ingestion of B. cereus can cause diarrhea or vomiting depending on the toxins produced. The enterotoxins produced by B. cereus are heat-labile and cause abdominal pain or diarrhea, while the emetic toxins are heat-stable and cause nausea and vomiting [6]. Of the enterotoxins, Haemolysin BL (HBL) and nonhaemolytic enterotoxin (NHE) are involved in most of the food illness reported. The ability to produce enterotoxins is specific to isolates [7]. Among the variety of foods, contamination of herbs and spices by B. cereus are frequently reported [5].

Spices are a widely used condiment in cooking because of their contribution to the taste, smell, color, and preservation of food [3]. They can sometimes be subject to contamination by various micro-organisms due to poor sanitary conditions, environmental factors, and insufficient decontamination [8]. Contamination can occur before, during, and after harvesting, but especially during drying [9]. According to Allende et al., [10] many spice-related food-borne illness outbreaks worldwide have been reported. Apart from these, spices are added to food products. Thus, it is therefore possible that there are more food poisoning cases for which the source could not be determined, or which are not associated with spices [3]. B. cereus can survive for a long time in spices due to its ability to withstand an unfavourable environment [2]. Numerous studies have reported the presence of B. cereus in spices [7, 9–12].

Spices and herbs are mainly grown and harvested in regions with a tropical climate [6]. Thus, due to the appropriate geographical characteristics, a wide range of spices such as curry, sumac, ginger, and saffron can be grown in the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions [13]. Iran is one of the world’s leading importers and consumers of spices [14]. Regarding that, data about isolation of B. cereus from spices in Iran are limited. Considering that food poisoning by this bacterium is an important public health concern, this study aims to provide relevant data about virulence and antibiotic resistance in Bacillus cereus isolated from various spices available in Isfahan, Iran.

2. Methods

2.1. Sample Collection

The samples were collected from January to December 2021 from different spice outlets in Isfahan, Iran. Spice varieties such as black pepper, chilli, white pepper, cumin, cinnamon, turmeric, curry and sumac were included in the sampling. The number of 25 samples of each type of spice were collected, making a total of 200 samples. The samples were collected under aseptic conditions and sent to the laboratory.

2.2. Isolation of B. cereus

Isolation of B. cereus was performed following method described by [15]. Bacara agar (bioMérieux, France) was used to detect B. cereus colonies after diluting each sample with peptone salt water (10⁻¹). Incubation condition was 30°C for 48 h. After incubation, presumptive colonies were collected (pink/orange with halos). Identification was performed on each presumptive colony type using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Each type of presumptive colony was analysed.

2.3. Detection of B. cereus Enterotoxin Producers

Enterotoxin production (Haemolytic enterotoxin (HBL) and nonhaemolytic enterotoxin (NHE)) was assessed using the Duopath® Cereus Enterotoxins Test kit (Merck, Belgium) according to the manufacturer’s instructions [15].

2.4. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test

The disc diffusion method was applied using Mueller–Hinton Agar (Oxoid, UK) (EUCAST, 2015). The following antibiotic disks were used: ampicillin (AMP, 10 μg), penicillin G (10 U), tetracycline (30 μg), erythromycin (15 μg), kanamycin (30 μg), chloramphenicol (30 μg), neomycin (30 μg), oleandomycin (15 μg), cephalothin (30 μg), streptomycin (10 μg), polymyxin B (300 U), and vancomycin (30 μg). B. cereus ATCC 10876 was used as control strain.

2.5. Detection of Virulence Factors

Isolates identified as B. cereus strains were subcultured on Tryptone Soy Agar (TSA) and incubated for 18–24 h at 30°C. DNA extraction kit PrepMan UltraSample Preparation (PrepMan Ultra, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, USA) was used to extract genomic DNA from B. cereus isolates following the manufacturer’s instructions. A 100 microlitre suspension was prepared with PrepMan Ultra sample preparation reagent and isolated colonies in microcentrifuge tubes. The suspension was vortexed for 10–30 s and the incubation step (10 min at 100°C) and centrifugation (3 min at 14,000 rpm) were applied successively. Total DNA was measured at an optical density of 260/280 nm using a spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, USA). A concentration of 10 ng/ml of DNA was considered for the PCR step (Biometra, Montgomery, USA). Virulence factors including genes encoding production of emetic toxin (CES and CER) and enterotoxigenic toxin (cytK, nheA, hblC, and entFM) were detected. Same primer sequences with product size and PCR conditions were used according to Kim et al. [16]. PCR assay was conducted using a thermal cycler (Mastercycler Gradient S; Eppendorf). The amplification conditions were as follows: initial denaturation at 95°C for 10 min, 35 cycles of 94°C for 1 min, 54°C for 1 min, and 72°C for 1 min, and finally a 5 min extension at 72°C. Negative control was DNase and RNase free water (SigmaAldrich, Munich, Germany). DNA fragments were analysed by electrophoresis using QiAxcel Advanced facility (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

2.6. Detection of Component L2 of the Hbl Toxin

The B. cereus isolates were incubated on TSA for 18–24 hours at 30°C, and a colony from each sample was then transferred to 10 ml of BHI and incubated for 6–18 hours at 37°C. After incubation, the samples were centrifuged for 20 minutes at 4°C. To determine the production of Hbl, a toxin agglutination test (BCET-RPLA) was conducted following the manufacturer’s instructions. This test measures the B. cereus L2 component of the Hbl toxin complex. Six half-serial dilutions were prepared for each isolate of the sample, and the results were expressed using indexes ranging from 0 to 128. The results of the BCET-RPLA test were reported as the last dilution of the sample that gave a positive agglutination, with samples reported at 0 dilution being considered negative [6].

3. Results

3.1. Isolation of B. cereus and Bacterial Count

Table 1 shows the results of the presence of B. cereus in the 200 spice samples collected. Of the 200 spice samples, 84 samples (42%) were positive for B. cereus. A high number of positive samples was observed for black pepper [17] followed by turmeric [16]. The Min log10 CFU/g ± SD^a and the Max log10 CFU/g ± SD^a were, respectively, ranged from [1.1 ± 0.15; 3.15 ± 0.05] to [3.52 ± 0.11; 4.38 ± 0.15]. Cumin has the highest value of Min log10 CFU/g ± SD^a (3.15 ± 0.05) and Max log10 CFU/g ± SD^a (4.38 ± 0.15).

3.2. Determination of Enterotoxin Producing B. cereus

Table 2 presents the results of bacterial count and determination of enterotoxin producing B. cereus from spices. According to this table, all B. cereus count for cumin is more than 3 log10 CFU/g. The highest B. cereus count was noted from two white pepper samples (4.11 and 4.21 log10 CFU/g). More than half of the isolates (51.19%) produce NHE toxin and 27.38% can produce HBL toxin. 20.23% of isolates were found to produce both NHE and HBL toxin. A high number of isolates (73.91%) which produce HBL also produce NHE toxin.

3.3. Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of B. cereus Strains

Table 3 presents results of the antibiotic resistance pattern of B. cereus strains. A high number of isolates exhibited resistance to ampicillin (83.33%) and penicillin G (82.14%). Almost all the isolates were susceptible to polymyxin B, cephalotin, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, oleondamycin, chloramphenicol, imipenem, and nalidixic acid.

Table 4 present the different resistance profile of B. cereus isolates. Some isolates from black pepper samples were resistant to 8 different antibiotics and isolates which showed resistance to at least five different antibiotics were found from black pepper [8], chilli [6], curry powder, and white pepper [5].

3.4. Detection of Virulence Factors

Table 5 presents the PCR positive samples. More than the half of the samples has either one, two, or three types of NHE. Only 9 samples were positive for FM.

Table 6 presents the results of the detection of some genes related to enterotoxin production. Combination of 4 genes (entFM, nheA, hblC, and cytK) was detected in some isolates.

4. Discussion

The geographical characteristics contribute largely to the production of a wide range of spices in Iran [13]. This study aims to provide relevant data about virulence and antibiotic resistance in Bacillus cereus isolated from various spices available in Isfahan, Iran.

The results for the isolation of B. cereus in spices show that of the 200 spice samples, 84 samples (42%) were positive for B. cereus. More than 30% percent of recovery rate of B. cereus in spices was reported in Turkey [3], USA [7], Latvia [6], and Poland [18]. This commonly reported significant prevalence is supported by the faculty of B. cereus to survive in an inappropriate environment such as spices with low water activity and to resist at boiling temperature. Indeed, B. cereus spores are extremely resistant to physical and chemical treatments [17]. It can therefore grow rapidly under nonaseptic storage conditions, contaminate food when added to foodstuffs, and cause serious ills [19]. Spices are in powder form, and microbial contamination can occur during handling, processing, transport, and storage [20]. A high number of positive samples was observed for black pepper (18 = 72%) followed by turmeric (16 = 64%). Similar observation was made by Aksu et al. in Istanbul [21]. More positive samples were obtained for cinnamon, thyme, and cumin in another study [3]. Due to their herbaceous nature, all these spices are in regular contact with the soil and therefore can be easily contaminated. These results also highlight the limitations of decontaminating traditional postharvest methods still used in many developing countries [8]. The Min log10 CFU/g ± SD^a and the Max log10 CFU/g ± SD^a were, respectively, ranged from [1.1 ± 0.15; 3.15 ± 0.05] to [3.52 ± 0.11; 4.38 ± 0.15]. The highest B. cereus count was noted from two white pepper samples (4.11 and 4.21 log10 CFU/g). Nanteza et al. also reported almost similar concentration (5.77 log10 cfu/g) of B. cereus in white pepper in Indonesia. However, the number of positive white peppers samples is low, 24%, [6] in our study compared to this study, 90% [22]. Several other researchers found high counts of B. cereus in white peppers including [23]. Although the highest number of positive spices was found for black peppers, surprisingly the lowest B. cereus count (1.1 ± 0.15 log10 CFU/g) were noted for the latter. Similarly, Fogele et al. [6] found the most contaminated spices were black ground peppers. According to Karsha and Lakshmi [24], black pepper inhibits the growth of certain bacteria including B cereus thanks to its alkaloid compounds and it can explain the low count observed in this spice. These findings are in line with many studies which also reported low count (<10⁴ cfu/g) of B. cereus in the samples analysed [7, 9, 11, 12]. B cereus can cause food-borne disease when its concentration in food is of 10⁵ cfu/g or higher [5]. Thus, the foods analysed in this study meet these food safety recommendations.

The results concerning detection of B. cereus enterotoxin producer isolated from spices showed that more than half of the isolates (51.19%) produce NHE toxin and 27.38% can produce HBL toxin. These percentages do not correspond to the results of Berthold-Pluta et al. [18] who reported that the percentages of B. cereus producing toxins ranged for HBL toxin from 45.9 to 57.9% and for NHE toxin from 61.1 to 81.4% among strains isolated from plant products. This difference can be explained by the number of samples included in our study (200) which is relatively small compared to many other studies. The studies all agree that the percentage of NHE-producing strains is higher than that of HBL producing strains in all sample types [25–27].

Antibiotic resistance pattern results show that a high number of isolates exhibited resistance to ampicillin (83.33%) and penicillin G (82.14%). Similarly, high resistance of B. cereus to beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin and ampicillin has been reported on several occasions [28]. Indeed, Bacillus cereus is well known for its ability to produce β-lactamase enzymes [29–31]. Almost all the isolates were susceptible to polymyxin B, cephalotin, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, oleondamycin, chloramphenicol, imipenem, and nalidixic acid. Fiedler et al. [28] also remarked in his study that B. cereus strains were susceptible towards antibiotics, including, chloramphenicol and imipenem. Concerning multiresistance pattern profile, some isolates from black pepper samples were resistant to 8 different antibiotics and isolates which showed resistance to at least five different antibiotics were found from black pepper [8], chilli [6], curry powder, and white pepper [5]. This is consistent with Luna et al. [32] and Hwang et al. [33] who also reported multiresistance pattern for some isolates [27]. The presence of antibiotic resistant B. cereus especially MDR strains in food commodities indicate the role of food systems as reservoir for resistance genes [34].

The detection of toxin coding genes among B. cereus isolated showed that more than the half of the samples has either one, two, or three types of nhe. This result is in line with Jovanovic et al. who found high number of nhe genes carriers among B. cereus isolates [35]. The presence of these genes confirm that they are the most prevalent toxin coding genes among B. cereus isolates [6, 33]. The most abundant genes were nheA, nheB, and nheC. According to Lindbäck et al., [36] nhe genes are the most toxic. The virulence pattern of B. cereus strains depends on the simultaneous presence and expression degree of the toxin genes rather than the presence of a single gene, each strain has been evaluated individually in this respect. Thus, combination of 4 genes (entFM, nheA, hblC, and cytK) was detected in many isolates. This is consistent with findings with a significant number of isolates carrying diarrhoeal toxin-encoding genes [6, 7, 37, 38].

5. Conclusion

The contamination of spices and herbs with the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus is increasingly being reported. The present study revealed that although the percent of prevalence of B. cereus in spices is significant, the spices meet food safety recommendations. A high number of multidrug resistant strains carrying diarrhoeal toxin-encoding genes were found. The presence of potentially virulent and antibiotic-resistantB. cereus in spices intended for human consumption represents a serious health hazard. The high prevalence of B. cereus in various foodstuffs, including spices, can be explained by the origin of B. cereus, the soil, and the nonobservance of farm-to-table hygiene practices. It is therefore still possible to prevent food contamination with this organism by applying hygienic principles and use pasteurization technology that not only ensure microbiological safety, but also maintain quality of processed spices.

Data Availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

Sahar Torki Baghbadorani wrote the original draft, reviewed and edited the manuscript, and performed formal analysis, methodology, and investigation. Ebrahm Rahimi wrote the original draft, reviewed and edited the manuscript, and supervised the study. Amir Shakerian reviewed and edited the manuscript and supervised the study.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the staff members of the Research Center of Nutrition and Organic Products of the Islamic Azad University of Shahrekord Branch in Iran for their help and support.

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Copyright © 2023 Sahar Torki Baghbadorani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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