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Study (author, year) | Purpose | Population/ sample | Research design | Intervention | Comparison | Outcome measures/ scales | Results |
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A’Campo et al. (2010) [24] | Formative evaluation of standardized psychosocial education program on quality of life | Caregivers = 137 Parkinson’s patients = 151 | Quasiexperimental design | 8 weeks parallel program for Parkinson’s patient and caregivers | None | MMSE, BELA-P-k, BELA-A-k, Bb, PDQ-39, SDS, Nfh, EQ-5D VAS, and Mood VAS | Mood, social, and emotional functioning and achievement capabilities improved significantly (). Depression did not improve |
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Carter et al. (2008) [1] | Understand motor and nonmotor symptom impact on caregiver strain | 219 spouses, mean age: 66.7 | Correlational design | None | None | FCI, CES-D, and UPDRS | Nonmotor symptoms cause ×2–4-fold increase in burden () |
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D’Amelio et al. (2009) [23] | Determine predictors of caregiver burden | 40 Parkinson patients and caregivers | Correlational design | None | None | CBI, HY, GDS, NPI, UPDRS-ME, and MMSE | Mental symptoms () and Parkinson’s severity of disease (<0.0001) correlated with caregiver distress |
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Kelly et al. (2012) [11] | Determine HRQoL in people with Parkinson’s and its effect on caregiver strain | 97 caregiver dyads 84% spouse (part of larger RCT study) | Cross-sectional correlational design | None | None | EQ-5D, PDQ-39, MCSI, 6MWT, and HY | Good HRQoL of PD patients correlated with low caregiver strain (rho 0.43, ) |
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Leroi et al. (2012) [9] | Determine care burden in apathy and impulse control in Parkinson’s
| 71 carer dyads | Cross-sectional correlational design | None | Control group | UPDRS, HY, BIS-11, AES-C, ZBI, LEDD, and HADS | Care burden is significant in impulse control ( and ) |
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de Villiers et al. (2008) [17] | Investigate needs, roles, and experiences of primary caregivers in Parkinson’s | 126 participants 77% female 27% male | Descriptive quantitative | None | None | Developed scale: no name | Isolation (57%) Lack of time (47%) Felt powerless (45%) Felt stress (43%) Finance issues (40%) Physically drained (32%) |
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Rongve et al. (2010) [25] | Identify sleep disturbances in subtypes of dementia and explore clinical correlates | 151 participants | Cross-sectional comparative design | None | Alzheimer’s disease | NPI, Epsworth Sleepiness Scale, MSQ, MADRS, REM, | More sleep disturbances in PD (89%) versus Alzheimer’s (64%).
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Shim et al. (2011) [10] | Understand correlates of care mutuality in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease | 152 dyads for Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s 91 control (16% attrition in control) | Retrospective multilevel design | None | Alzheimer’s disease and control | MSFCI, Lawton, IADL, and CESD | Longer caregiving years (), and increased IADL () increase care mutuality; increased depression in carer decreased care-mutuality () |
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Tokunaga et al. (2009) [19] | Investigate caregiver burden | 54 pairs Parkinson’s 48 pairs control age 65 and older | Unmatched case control design | None | Frail elderly | J-ZBI, CES-D, and DBD | Parkinson’s caregiver spent less time caregiving for ADLs (2.78 hours) compared to frail elderly (11.2 hours)
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