Hyaluronic Acid Improves Hydrogen Peroxide Modulatory Effects on Calcium Channel and Sodium-Potassium Pump in 4T1 Breast Cancer Cell Line

Figure 1

Schematic illustration of how H₂O₂ or H₂O₂ + HA functions on 4T1 cell ion channels/pumps. (a) The cell is normal and the channels function well to maintain the homeostasis of cell ions. (b) The membranous channels/pumps of cells exposed to H₂O₂ are disrupted, and the balance of ions is disrupted within the cell causing a severe imbalance due to an increase in intracellular Ca²⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺. Intracellular Ca²⁺ accumulation induces apoptosis in the cell. (c) HA softens oxidative effects of H₂O₂, modifies the harsh release of oxidants from H₂O₂, controls cell proliferation, and gently directs the cell toward apoptosis.