Oxidative Storm Induced by Tryptophan Metabolites: Missing Link between Atherosclerosis and Chronic Kidney Disease

Figure 3

Contribution of tryptophan metabolites, indoxyl sulfate (a) and kynurenines (b), in the development of chronic kidney disease, including reactive oxygen species as a damaging factor. CKD: chronic kidney disease; EMT: epithelial mesenchymal transition; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; ROS: reactive oxygen species.