Application of Molecular Hydrogen as a Novel Antioxidant in Sports Science

Table 2

Effects of molecular hydrogen on exercise-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and other indicators.

Method	Study	Subjects	Intake protocol	Exercise	Markers	Effects
H2 water	Aoki et al. [18]	10 T	before Ex	Cycling (75% VO2 max); Isokinetic knee extension	d-ROMs, BAP	→
					CK	→
					Lactate	↓
					Peak torque	↑
	Kawamura et al. [19]	32 rats	Ad libitum; 14 d before Ex	Running (exhaustion)	TBARS	→
					PC	→
					TAC	→
					Lactate	→
					Glucose, FFA, TG	→
					Muscle glycogen	→
					Liver glycogen	↑
H2 bathing	Kawamura et al. [21]	9 UT	20 min; Immediately and 1–6 d after Ex	Downhill running (56% VO2 max)	DOMS	↓
					CK, Mb	→
					Lactate	→
					TBARS	→
					d-ROMs, BAP	→
					MPO	→
					IL-6, IL-17a	→
	Kawamura et al. [22]	9 UT	20 min; Immediately and 1–6 d after Ex	Downhill running (56% VO2 max)	Total leukocytes	→
					Neutrophils	→
					Lymphocytes	→
					LmCL	→
					Migratory neutrophils	→
H2-saline	Yamazaki et al. [23]	13 horses	2 L; 2 h before Ex	High-intensity simulation race	8-OHdG	↓
					d-ROMs, BAP	→
					CK, AST, LDH	→
					Lactate, uric acid	→
H2 gas	Nogueira et al. [24]	60 rats	2%·2.4 L/min before and during Ex	Running (80% Vmax)	TNF-α, IL-6	↓
					SOD	↑
					TBARS	↓
					NOx	→
					p-CREB	↓

H₂ water: oral intake of H₂ water; H₂-saline: intravenous infusion of H₂-saline; H₂ gas: inhalation of H₂ gas; T: trained; UT: untrained; Ex: exercise; d-ROMs: diacron reactive oxygen metabolites; BAP: biological antioxidant potential; CK: creatine kinase; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substance; PC: protein carbonyl; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; FFA: free fatty acid; TG: triglyceride; DOMS: delayed-onset muscle soreness; Mb: myoglobin; MPO: myeloperoxidase; IL: interleukin; LmCL: luminol-dependent chemiluminescence; 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; SOD: superoxide dismutase; NOx: nitrite/nitrate; p-CREB: phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element binding protein; ↑: increase; →: no change; ↓: decrease.