Mitophagy, Mitochondrial Dynamics, and Homeostasis in Cardiovascular Aging

Table 1

Alterations in mitochondrial dynamics and turnover for aging and CVD.

Protein	Alteration	Age-related disease/phenotype	Organism/model	References
Mfn2	Reduced expression	Hyperproliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells	Rats or mice: hypertensive and atherosclerotic arteries	[159]
		Accelerated cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy	Mouse heart	[38, 160, 161]
Mfn1	Increased expression	Decreased glycolysis, increased oxygen consumption rate, and ATP levels	Old normal human fibroblasts	[162]
Opa1	Reduced expression	Accelerated heart failure	Heart from humans, rats, and mice	[52, 163, 164]
	Increased expression	Protection from ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury	Mouse heart	[165]
		Decreased glycolysis, increased oxygen consumption rate, and ATP levels	Old normal human fibroblasts	[162]
Drp1	Reduced expression	Development of cardiac dysfunction	Mouse heart	[166, 167]
		Attenuated diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction	Streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic mice	[66]
		Protection against posttraumatic/diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction	Adult rats	[168]
	Inhibition	Protection from cardiac hypertrophy and function after I/R injury or myocardial infarction	Mouse heart	[169, 170]
		Improved LV functions, reduced MI size	Mouse heart	[64]
		Protection from Dox-induced cardiac damage	H9c2	[65]
	Short-term induction in midlife	Prolonged lifespan	Drosophila melanogaster	[62]
PINK1	Increased expression	Increased cell senescence	Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes	[125]
	Activation	Improved mitochondrial function, decreased ROS production, decreased apoptosis	Mouse heart	[124]
Parkin	Increased expression	Prolonged lifespan	Drosophila melanogaster	[171]
		Decayed aging	Mouse	[172]
	Reduced expression	Impaired recovery of cardiac contractility	Mouse heart	[173]
FUNDC1	Abrogation	Sustained mitochondrial fission, cell death, and heart failure	Adult mice cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs)	[104]
	Increased expression	Increased mitophagy and reduced platelet activity, protection from I/R injury	Mouse	[125]
		Infarction area expansion and cardiac dysfunction following acute cardiac IR injury	Mouse	[85]
BNIP3	Suppressed activity	Stressed cardiomyocytes	Human heart	[174]
BECN1/Beclin1	Increased expression	Attenuated heart failure	Mouse heart	[60]
	Deceased interaction with BCL-2	Improved healthspan, prolonged longevity	Mutant mice	[175]
PCG-1α	Overexpression	Suppressed aging-induced mitophagy, improved mitochondria	Mouse skeletal muscle	[129]