Placental Ageing in Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Telomere Shortening, Cell Senescence, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Figure 1

Cause and consequence of placental ageing: the pathophysiology of placental conditions such as preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction is often associated with internal and external factors such as oxidative stress, genetic, immunological, and environmental. This can result in placental insufficiency with further evidence of premature ageing of the placenta as a consequence of cellular senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction [130, 131].