Essential Oils and Their Major Compounds in the Treatment of Chronic Inflammation: A Review of Antioxidant Potential in Preclinical Studies and Molecular Mechanisms

Table 1

General characteristics of included studies (in vitro and in vivo reports).

Authors, year, country	Model	Essential oil	Major constituents	Family	Induction of inflammation	Type of inflammation
Tsai et al., 2011, Taiwan [24]	In vitro	Essential oils of the aerial parts of Eucalyptus bridgesiana, Cymbopogon martinii, Thymus vulgaris, Lindernia anagallis, and Pelargonium fragrans	1,8-Cineole; Geraniol; Thymol; p-Menthanone; (−)-Spathulenol	Myrtaceae; Poaceae; Lamiaceae; Linderniaceae; Geraniaceae	Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli and heat-killed Propionibacterium acnes	Inflammation induced by biological agent
Ritter et al., 2013, Brazil [25]	In vivo	—	Anethole	—	Complete Freund’s adjuvant	Inflammation induced by biological agent
Jeena et al., 2013, India [26]	In vivo	Essential oil of ginger	Zingiberene	Zingiberaceae	Formalin	Inflammation induced by chemical agent
El-Readi et al., 2013, Egypt [27]	In vitro	Essential oils from leaves and stems of Liquidambar styraciflua	α-Pinene	Altingiaceae	LPS from Escherichia coli	Inflammation induced by biological agent
Valente et al. 2013, Portugal [28]	In vitro	Essential oils of the aerial parts of Oenanthe crocata L.	β-Ocimene; Sabinene	Apiaceae	LPS from Escherichia coli and INF-γ	Inflammation induced by biological agent
Lin et al., 2014, China [29]	In vitro	Essential oil of Patrinia scabiosaefolia	Caryophyllene oxide	Caprifoliaceae	LPS from Escherichia coli	Inflammation induced by biological agent
Destryana et al., 2014, Indonesia [30]	In vitro	Essential oil from leaf and branches of Ocotea quixos, wood, branches, and leaves of Callitris intratropica and Copaifera reticulata/langsdorffii gum-resin	trans-Caryophyllene; β-Caryophyllene; (+)-Calarene	Lauraceae; Cupressaceae; Fabaceae	LPS from Escherichia coli	Inflammation induced by biological agent
Shirole et al., 2014, India [31]	In vitro and in vivo	Essential oil of Pistacia integerrima	4-Carvomenthenol	Anacardiaceae	LPS from Escherichia coli and ovalbumin	Inflammation induced by biological agent
Patil et al. 2014, India [32]	In vivo	Essential oil of Camellia reticulata L.	—	Theaceae	Indomethacin	Inflammation induced by chemical agent
Khodabakhsh et al. 2014, Japan [33]	In vivo	Essential oil from blossoms of Citrus aurantium L.	Linalool	Rutaceae	Cotton pellet—subcutaneous	Inflammation induced by physical agent
Wu et al., 2014, China [34]	In vivo	—	Linalool	—	Pasteurella multocida intranasal	Inflammation induced by biological agent
Jeena et al., 2014, India [35]	In vivo	Essential oil of Piper nigrum Linn	Caryophyllene	Piperaceae	Formalin	Inflammation induced by chemical agent
Entok et al., 2014, Turkey [36]	In vivo	Essential oil of Nigella sativa L.	—	Ranunculaceae	LPS from Escherichia coli	Inflammation induced by biological agent
Kazemi 2015, Iran [37]	In vitro	Essential oils of Achillea millefolium L., Anethum graveolens L., and Carum copticum L.	Thymol	Asteraceae; Apiaceae	LPS from Escherichia coli	Inflammation induced by biological agent
Pinheiro et al., 2015, Brazil [38]	In vivo	Essential oil from leaves of Choisya ternata Kunth	—	Rutaceae	Dorsal subcutaneous injection of sterile air and carrageenan suspension	Inflammation induced by chemical agent
Kara et al. 2015, Turkey [39]	In vivo	—	Carvacrol	—	LPS from Escherichia coli	Inflammation induced by biological agent
Allam et al. 2015, Egypt [40]	In vivo	Essential oil of thyme	—	Lamiaceae	Shigella flexneri	Inflammation induced by biological agent
Shen et al. 2016, China [41]	In vitro	Essential oil of calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa L.	n-Hexadecanoic acid	Malvaceae	LPS from Escherichia coli	Inflammation induced by biological agent
Park et al., 2016, Korea [42]	In vitro and in vivo	Essential oil of Chamaecyparis obtusa	—	Cupressaceae	In vitro: LPS from Escherichia coli; In vivo: carrageenan-induced paw edema, thioglycollate-induced peritonitis	Inflammation induced by biological and chemical agent
Skala et al., 2016, Poland [43]	In vitro	Essential oils from roots of Rhaponticum carthamoides	Cyperene; Aplotaxene	Asteraceae	LPS from Escherichia coli	Inflammation induced by biological agent
Zhao et al., 2016, China [44]	In vivo	—	Cinnamaldehyde	—	LPS from Escherichia coli	Inflammation induced by biological agent
Yu et al., 2016, Brazil [45]	In vivo	—	Thymol	—	High-fat-diet-induced hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.	Inflammation induced by chemical agent
Kennedy-Feitosa et al. 2016, Brazil [46]	In vivo	—	Eucalyptol	—	Exposition to commercial cigarettes	Inflammation induced by chemical agent
Alvarenga et al. 2016, Brazil [47]	In vivo	—	Carvacrol	—	Irinotecan	Inflammation induced by chemical agent
Shen et al., 2017, China [48]	In vitro	Essential oil from blossoms of Citrus aurantium	—	Rutaceae	LPS from Escherichia coli	Inflammation induced by biological agent
Liu et al., 2017, China [49]	In vivo	—	β-Elemene	—	High-fat-diet-induced hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis	Inflammation induced by chemical agent
Leelarungrayub et al. 2017, Thailand [50]	In vivo	Essential oil of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. in niosomes entrapped	Terpinen-4-ol	Zingiberaceae	LPS from Porphyromonas gingivalis	Inflammation induced by biological agent
Arigesavan and Sudhandiran 2017, India [51]	In vivo	—	Carvacrol	—	1,2-Dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)	Inflammation induced by chemical agent
Marques et al., 2018, Brazil [52]	In vitro	—	l-Carveol, l-carvone, m-cymene, valencene, and guaiene	—	LPS from Escherichia coli	Inflammation induced by biological agent
Pivetta et al. 2018, Brazil [53]	In vivo	—	Thymol in nanoparticles from natural lipids	—	Imiquimod	Inflammation induced by chemical agent