Palmitoylethanolamide Dampens Reactive Astrogliosis and Improves Neuronal Trophic Support in a Triple Transgenic Model of Alzheimer’s Disease: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence

Figure 3

Effect of PEA treatment on astrocyte and neuronal viability and reactive astrogliosis in 3×Tg-AD cells. Evaluation of (a) astrocyte and (b) neuronal viability tested by neutral red uptake assay after 24 h PEA treatment (0.01–0.1–1 μM). (c) Representative immunoreactive signals and Western blot densitometric analysis of (d) GFAP and (e) iNOS. β-Actin was used as loading control. Results are expressed as percentage of the mean control value (CTRL). (f) Representative fluorescent photomicrographs of GFAP (green) staining in 3×Tg-AD primary astrocytes. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar is 50 μm. (g) Fluorescence analysis is expressed as ΔF/F₀. Experiments were performed three times in triplicate. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. The statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc multiple comparison test ( and versus CTRL group).

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