Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol Attenuates Methylglyoxal-Induced Oxidative Stress and Advanced Glycation End Product Formation in Human Kidney Cells

Figure 4

DPHC activates Nrf2 transcription factor in HEK cells. (a) HEK cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of DPHC for 24 h. Nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions were prepared, and Western blotting was subsequently performed. (b) HEK cells were transfected with plasmids for EGFP-tagged Nrf2 or EGFP for 33 h and further incubated with or without DPHC (40 μM) for 24 h. The cells were then fixed and observed by confocal microscopy. Scale bar indicates 10 μm. (c) HEK cells were incubated with or without DPHC (40 μM) for 24 h. The cells were stained with an anti-Nrf2 (green) antibody and observed using confocal microscopy. Blue indicates DAPI (nuclear) staining. Scale bar indicates 10 μm. (d) HEK cells were incubated with or without DPHC (40 μM) for 1 h and then further incubated with 1 mM MGO for 6 h. The cells were stained with an anti-Nrf2 (green) antibody and observed using confocal microscopy. Blue indicates DAPI (nuclear) staining. Scale bar indicates 10 μm. , , and . n.s.: no significance.

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