The Ability of Different Ketohexoses to Alter Apo-A-I Structure and Function In Vitro and to Induce Hepatosteatosis, Oxidative Stress, and Impaired Plasma Lipid Profile in Hyperlipidemic Zebrafish

Figure 4

Cellular uptake of oxLDL containing NBD-cholesterol in the presence of each ketohexose (fructose, tagatose, and psicose). PMA-differentiated macrophages were incubated with 50 μL of oxLDL (1 mg/mL), 14 μL of ketohexose alone (175 mM, at final 5 mM), and 436 μL of RPMI1640 media. After incubation with oxLDL and each ketohexose for 48 hrs, cells were washed by PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) and green fluorescence (Ex = 488 nm, Em = 535 nm) intensity was detected. In order to compare production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), red fluorescence image (Ex = 588 nm, Em = 605 nm) was obtained after dihydroethidium (DHE) staining. Cell images were observed and photographed using a Nikon Eclipse TE2000 microscope (Tokyo, Japan). The bar in the photo indicates 100 μm.