A Cystine-Rich Whey Supplement (Immunocal®) Provides Neuroprotection from Diverse Oxidative Stress-Inducing Agents <i>In Vitro</i> by Preserving Cellular Glutathione

<div>Proposed neuroprotective mechanism of Immunocal. Immunocal provides the essential GSH precursor, cystine, which is transported into cerebellar granule neurons via the system x<sub>c</sub><sup>−</sup> antiporter (Sx<sub>c</sub><sup>−</sup>). Upon entry into the cell, cystine is rapidly hydrolyzed to form two cysteine molecules, which are then utilized in the de novo synthesis of GSH by <i>γ</i>-glutamylcysteine ligase (<i>γ</i>-GCL) and glutathione synthase (GSS). Newly synthesized glutathione inhibits oxidation caused by a variety of insults, thereby preventing mitochondrial oxidative stress (MOS) and subsequent induction of apoptosis.</div>

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

fig8

Figure 8

Figure 8: A Cystine-Rich Whey Supplement (Immunocal®) Provides Neuroprotection from Diverse Oxidative Stress-Inducing Agents <i>In Vitro</i> by Preserving Cellular Glutathione 

Figure 8 | A Cystine-Rich Whey Supplement (Immunocal®) Provides Neuroprotection from Diverse Oxidative Stress-Inducing Agents In Vitro by Preserving Cellular Glutathione 