Antioxidant Effects of a Hydroxytyrosol-Based Pharmaceutical Formulation on Body Composition, Metabolic State, and Gene Expression: A Randomized Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial
Table 4
(a) Bioclinical and gene expression analysis at Baseline
Baseline
Glycemia (mg/dL)
Insulin (U/mL)
TC (mg/dL)
HDL-C (mg/dL)
Tg (mg/dL)
LDL-C (mg/dL)
TAS (mM)
Thiols (μM)
Nitrites (μM)
Nitrates (μM)
MDA (μM)
SOD1
Glycemia (mg/dL)
ρ
−0.37
−0.33
−0.56
−0.45
0.54
0.52
−0.59
0.33
0.21
0.58
−0.20
p
0.42
0.47
0.19
0.31
0.21
0.24
0.16
0.47
0.64
0.17
0.66
Insulin (U/mL)
ρ
−0.08
−0.30
0.67
−0.26
−0.61
0.14
0.46
−0.34
0.23
−0.15
p
0.86
0.51
0.10
0.57
0.15
0.76
0.30
0.46
0.62
0.75
TC (mg/dL)
ρ
0.52
0.17
0.55
−0.21
0.59
−0.21
−0.26
−0.40
−0.10
p
0.23
0.71
0.20
0.65
0.26
0.65
0.58
0.38
0.83
HDL-C (mg/dL)
ρ
−0.29
−0.13
0.21
0.34
−0.61
0.01
−0.49
0.28
p
0.52
0.78
0.65
0.45
0.14
0.98
0.26
0.54
Tg (mg/dL)
ρ
−0.25
−0.99
0.65
0.39
−0.19
0.14
−0.35
p
0.59
0.001
0.11
0.39
0.68
0.77
0.45
LDL-C (mg/dL)
ρ
0.26
0.13
0.001
−0.31
−0.03
−0.04
p
0.57
0.79
0.99
0.50
0.94
0.93
TAS (mM)
ρ
−0.71
−0.25
0.26
−0.04
0.24
p
0.07
0.59
0.58
0.94
0.61
Thiols (μM)
ρ
−0.15
−0.28
−0.35
−0.13
p
0.76
0.55
0.44
0.78
Nitrites (μM)
ρ
0.49
0.76
−0.87
p
0.26
0.05
0.01
Nitrates (μM)
ρ
0.43
−0.70
p
0.34
0.08
MDA (μM)
ρ
−0.61
p
0.14
Analysis was conducted using Pearson or Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient ρ. Statistical significance attributed to results with . TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Tg: triglycerides; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TAS: total antioxidant status; SOD1: superoxide dismutase 1.
(b) Bioclinical and gene expression analysis after HTT
HTT
Glycemia (mg/dL)
Insulin (U/mL)
TC (mg/dL)
HDL-C (mg/dL)
Tg (mg/dL)
LDL-C (mg/dL)
HT (mg/mL)
TAS (mM)
Thiols (μM)
Nitrites (μM)
Nitrates (μM)
MDA (μM)
SOD1
Glycemia (mg/dL)
ρ
−0.46
0.54
−0.68
−0.64
0.73
−0.11
0.64
−0.32
0.41
−0.43
0.14
−0.36
p
0.29
0.21
0.09
0.12
0.07
0.81
0.12
0.48
0.36
0.34
0.77
0.43
Insulin (U/mL)
ρ
−0.10
−0.02
0.58
−0.16
0.53
−0.51
−0.25
0.15
0.65
−0.13
0.32
p
0.83
0.97
0.17
0.73
0.22
0.25
0.59
0.76
0.11
0.78
0.48
TC (mg/dL)
ρ
−0.07
−0.02
0.94
0.44
−0.04
−0.13
0.68
−0.71
−0.02
−0.29
p
0.88
0.96
0.001
0.32
0.94
0.78
0.09
0.07
0.97
0.53
HDL-C (mg/dL)
ρ
0.23
−0.39
0.17
−0.32
0.32
−0.15
−0.17
−0.25
0.21
p
0.62
0.39
0.71
0.48
0.48
0.75
0.72
0.59
0.65
Tg (mg/dL)
ρ
−0.08
0.41
−0.98
0.46
0.08
0.19
−0.35
−0.05
p
0.87
0.37
0.001
0.30
0.86
0.69
0.44
0.92
LDL-C (mg/dL)
ρ
0.36
0.06
−0.10
0.71
−0.67
0.01
−0.45
p
0.43
0.90
0.82
0.07
0.10
0.99
0.31
HT (mg/mL)
ρ
−0.34
0.26
0.84
−0.17
−0.47
−0.46
p
0.45
0.57
0.02
0.71
0.29
0.30
TAS (mM)
ρ
−0.44
−0.03
−0.12
0.37
−0.02
p
0.32
0.94
0.79
0.42
0.97
Thiols (μM)
ρ
0.22
−0.34
−0.57
−0.70
p
0.64
0.46
0.18
0.08
Nitrites (μM)
ρ
−0.46
−0.47
−0.71
p
0.30
0.28
0.07
Nitrates (μM)
ρ
−0.02
0.56
p
0.96
0.19
MDA (μM)
Ρ
0.46
p
0.30
Analysis was conducted using Pearson or Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient ρ. Statistical significance attributed to results with . HTT: hydroxytyrosol treatment; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Tg: triglycerides; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TAS: total antioxidant status; SOD1: superoxide dismutase 1.