Oxidative Stress in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Sources, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Targets

Figure 1

The OS-induced death pathway mediated by MMP-9. Hb released into extracellular space via complement-mediated cell lysis after ICH is a potent oxidant which can produce a plenty of free radicals such as superoxide (), NO, and their conjunctive metabolite, peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻). These ROS/RNS activate MMP-9 possibly through NF-κB activation and finally lead to neuronal death. ICH: intracerebral hemorrhage; MMP-9: matrix metalloproteinases-9.