Assessment of Safety Profile of Activated Curcumin C3 Complex (AC3®), Enriched Extract of Bisdemethoxycurcumin from the Rhizomes of Curcuma longa
Table 9
Effect of 90 days exposure to AC3® on biochemical parameters in Wistar rats.
Parameter
Sex
Vehicle control
Treated
Control recovery
High dose-500 mg/kg b.w recovery
Low dose-125 mg/kg b.w
Mid dose-250 mg/kg b.w
High dose-500 mg/kg b.w
Albumin (g/L)
M
29.45 ± 1.81
31.32 ± 1.97
30.82 ± 2.56
30.66 ± 1.51
30.13 ± 3.11
28.67 ± 2.71
F
33.66 ± 3.08
34.63 ± 2.62
33.46 ± 3.72
34.80 ± 2.52
30.90 ± 4.39
31.39 ± 3.75
Alanine amino transferase (U/L)
M
68.30 ± 16.97
50.20 ± 12.12
51.00 ± 10.51
48.40 ± 9.67
52.90 ± 14.19
52.20 ± 13.55
F
55.60 ± 19.86
63.80 ± 19.46
51.20 ± 9.54
42.80 ± 6.89
47.90 ± 8.69
38.80 ± 13.05
Aspartate amino transferase (U/L)
M
127.00 ± 21.26
103.40 ± 15.69
105.70 ± 13.52
105.30 ± 13.41
100.20 ± 17.00
102.70 ± 11.61
F
128.70 ± 70.05
113.40 ± 25.48
121.10 ± 44.47
105.90 ± 20.47
118.90 ± 21.24
95.00 ± 26.89≠
Calcium (mmol/L)
M
2.47 ± 0.07
2.55 ± 0.04
2.48 ± 0.09
2.50 ± 0.05
2.34 ± 0.08
2.31 ± 0.07
F
2.54 ± 0.07
2.56 ± 0.09
2.56 ± 0.06
2.56 ± 0.06
2.33 ± 0.09
2.36 ± 0.09
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
M
1.68 ± 0.29
1.73 ± 0.35
1.65 ± 0.27
1.65 ± 0.26
1.51 ± 0.37
1.46 ± 0.40
F
1.98 ± 0.36
2.04 ± 0.33
1.90 ± 0.46
1.92 ± 0.39
1.65 ± 0.45
1.50 ± 0.23
Creatinine kinase (U/L)
M
118.60 ± 27.45
176.70 ± 108.05
104.40 ± 25.36
170.90 ± 145.91
218.50 ± 116.89
149.60 ± 73.45
F
223.60 ± 237.12
88.70 ± 24.05
94.80 ± 30.12
119.40 ± 61.63
148.10 ± 74.44
161.10 ± 128.21
Creatinine (µmol/L)
M
27.90 ± 3.48
26.10 ± 3.60
24.30 ± 2.45
27.30 ± 4.27
25.60 ± 2.17
26.00 ± 3.40
F
29.50 ± 3.75
26.80 ± 3.55
26.40 ± 2.27
28.10 ± 3.03
25.90 ± 3.84
29.30 ± 3.80
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (U/L)
M
0.30 ± 0.48
0.30 ± 0.48
0.20 ± 0.42
0.10 ± 0.32
0.50 ± 0.53
0.80 ± 0.42
F
0.50 ± 0.97
0.10 ± 0.32
0.30 ± 0.48
0.50 ± 0.71
0.80 ± 0.42
0.70 ± 0.48
Glucose (mmol/L)
M
7.11 ± 0.45
7.05 ± 0.81
7.64 ± 0.64
8.08 ± 0.91
5.97 ± 0.56
6.16 ± 0.84
F
7.03 ± 0.89
7.50 ± 0.86
7.52 ± 1.08
7.39 ± 0.89
5.98 ± 0.95
5.96 ± 0.76
High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)
M
0.95 ± 0.16
1.02 ± 0.21
0.98 ± 0.19
1.01 ± 0.19
0.92 ± 0.20
0.87 ± 0.24
F
1.27 ± 0.27
1.32 ± 0.21
1.23 ± 0.31
1.24 ± 0.24
1.04 ± 0.31
0.99 ± 0.13
Phosphorus (mmol/L)
M
1.90 ± 0.14
1.83 ± 0.15
1.97 ± 0.29
1.88 ± 0.17
1.64 ± 0.13
1.56 ± 0.17
F
1.52 ± 0.26
1.40 ± 0.14
1.46 ± 0.22
1.50 ± 0.25
1.38 ± 0.13
1.34 ± 0.19
Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L)
M
122.20 ± 22.19
131.40 ± 78.26
104.90 ± 30.76
93.90 ± 34.89
90.90 ± 25.76
72.40 ± 11.58
F
154.40 ± 58.18
101.40 ± 32.88
146.90 ± 76.63
109.50 ± 48.68
85.20 ± 19.62
98.30 ± 46.71
Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)
M
0.44 ± 0.09
0.41 ± 0.10
0.39 ± 0.10
0.35 ± 0.05
0.39 ± 0.13
0.41 ± 0.11
F
0.36 ± 0.06
0.37 ± 0.08
0.33 ± 0.09
0.33 ± 0.08
0.38 ± 0.11
0.29 ± 0.09
Total bilirubin (µmol/L)
M
2.62 ± 0.33
2.65 ± 0.61
2.59 ± 0.22
2.64 ± 0.21
2.85 ± 0.29
2.69 ± 0.27
F
3.12 ± 0.52
2.88 ± 0.30
2.69 ± 0.35≠
2.76 ± 0.18
2.94 ± 0.50
2.66 ± 0.42
Total protein (g/L)
M
70.70 ± 2.64
70.57 ± 2.48
69.39 ± 3.07
70.03 ± 2.72
69.40 ± 3.33
68.25 ± 2.66
F
74.92 ± 4.62
76.06 ± 3.75
74.93 ± 4.24
74.49 ± 1.70
73.33 ± 3.94
71.18 ± 3.18
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
M
0.50 ± 0.11
0.52 ± 0.23
0.47 ± 0.15
0.48 ± 0.26
0.46 ± 0.15
0.38 ± 0.11
F
0.44 ± 0.10
0.41 ± 0.22
0.37 ± 0.16
0.36 ± 0.07
0.36 ± 0.12
0.45 ± 0.18
Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L)
M
6.57 ± 1.11
6.22 ± 1.46
7.12 ± 1.30
7.16 ± 1.07
5.12 ± 0.87
5.12 ± 1.31
F
7.52 ± 1.38
6.95 ± 1.40
7.33 ± 1.81
7.67 ± 0.86
5.37 ± 1.39
6.69 ± 1.05≠
Sodium (mmol/L)
M
141.13 ± 1.42
140.83 ± 1.85
140.73 ± 1.65
141.59 ± 1.98
142.77 ± 0.87
142.99 ± 1.28
F
140.55 ± 1.45
140.53 ± 1.14
140.56 ± 1.54
140.50 ± 2.20
143.15 ± 1.04
142.78 ± 0.69
Potassium (mmol/L)
M
3.76 ± 0.26
3.83 ± 0.37
3.79 ± 0.22
3.78 ± 0.24
3.55 ± 0.12
3.74 ± 0.26
F
3.46 ± 0.30
3.41 ± 0.20
3.75 ± 0.34
3.40 ± 0.20
3.46 ± 0.15
3.61 ± 0.28
T3 (triiodothyronine) (ng/dL)
M
44.03 ± 0.62
43.81 ± 0.35
43.94 ± 0.36
44.68 ± 0.32
43.99 ± 0.53
43.95 ± 0.35
F
43.96 ± 0.56
44.01 ± 0.41
43.75 ± 0.24
44.05 ± 0.26
43.79 ± 0.38
43.77 ± 0.26
T4 (thyroxine) (ng/dL)
M
6759.20 ± 7.87
6760.82 ± 6.75
6761.78 ± 9.89
6764.65 ± 6.47
6760.50 ± 3.75
6763.82 ± 7.63
F
6765.28 ± 5.36
6760.87 ± 5.90
6766.36 ± 8.23
6762.27 ± 8.82
6765.25 ± 9.43
6761.47 ± 5.84
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) (ng/mL)
M
1.73 ± 0.71
1.57 ± 0.43
1.54 ± 0.64
1.79 ± 0.68
2.72 ± 0.63
2.21 ± 1.32
F
1.58 ± 0.61
2.34 ± 0.47≠
2.15 ± 0.70
1.57 ± 0.77
1.39 ± 0.54
2.20 ± 1.15
Values are expressed as mean ± SD, n = 10; M: male; F: female.,≠Significant from vehicle control () in male and female. ≠Significant from control recovery () in female.
