Hepatic and Renal Toxicity Induced by TiO₂ Nanoparticles in Rats: A Morphological and Metabonomic Study

Table 3

			Controls	0.5g/kg; TiO2	1g/kg; TiO2	4g/kg; TiO2	16g/kg; TiO2
4 days	Hepatic function	Total bilirubin (mg/dl)	0.2±0.01	0.22±0.04	0.2±0.01	0.22±0.04	0.32±0.1
		Albumin (g/dl)	3.38±0.3	3.34±0.15	3.16±0.31	3.04±0.33	2.92±0.31
		AST (IU/L)	62.6±12.4	63±12.8	84.4±21.7	101.2±26.3	120.2±20.1
		ALT (IU/L)	15.6±6	10±0.1	15.6±10.3	10±0.1	11±2.24
	Renal function	Total proteins (g/dl)	5.32±0.28	5.06±0.015	5.16±0.15	4.52±0.33	4.72±0.28
		BUN (mg/dl)	13±4.1	20.4±4.9	8.8±1.8	9.8±3.35	22.8±11.5
		Uric acid (mg/dl)	1.1±0.17	1.04±0.05	1.18±0.13	1.14±0.17	1.4±0.16
		Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.32±0.04	0.3±0.01	0.3±0.01	0.32±0.04	0.38±0.08
1 month	Hepatic function	Total bilirubin (mg/dl)	0.22±0.04	0.22±0.04	0.22±0.04	0.22±0.05	0.2±0.01
		Albumin (g/dl)	3.56±0.34	0.06±0.01	4.08±0.45	3.75±0.6	3.4±0.7
		AST (IU/L)	68±20.6	64.5±13.1	62.6±26.3	58.75±15.8	97±35.8
		ALT (IU/L)	14±3.8	13.5±0.3	13.4±3.2	12±4	19±7.8
	Renal function	Total proteins (g/dl)	5.84±0.7	4.36±0.21	6.3±0.63	5.75±0.8	5.43±0.9
		BUN (mg/dl)	20.2±4.1	20.5±3.8	15.8±1.9	18±2.6	19.66±3.05
		Uric acid (mg/dl)	1.34±0.19	1.33±0.08	1.02±0.04	1.1±0.14	1.26±0.12
		Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.46±0.1	0.43±0.11	0.42±0.13	0.4±0.2	0.5±0.1
2 months	Hepatic function	Total bilirubin (mg/dl)	0.2±0.01	0.2±0.01	0.2±0.01	0.23±0.01	0.2±0.01
		Albumin (g/dl)	3.36±0.08	3.3±0	3.26±0.15	3.42±0.1	3.39±0.1
		AST (IU/L)	46.66±9.01	64±8.8	65.4±14.1	88.6±19.3	81.75±15.6
		ALT (IU/L)	17±2	12.4±1.9	18.8±7	16.2±5.7	15±2.1
	Renal function	Total proteins (g/dl)	6.03±0.31	5.6±0.04	5.7±0.2	5.35±0.08	5.6±0.1
		BUN (mg/dl)	20±3.33	22.8±2.24	21.8±0.64	16.5±1.65	19.5±2.3
		Uric acid (mg/dl)	1.06±0.08	1.18±0.1	1.5±0.2	1.23±0.1	1.67±0.14
		Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.43±0.08	0.5±0	0.46±0.07	0.48±0.08	0.55±0.07

Summary table of average renal and hepatic enzyme levels (as mean ± SD) according to different exposure times to TiO₂ NPs. Significantly different from control ( p ≤ 0.05).