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Pharmacokinetic endpoint of interest | Regulatory Status | Animal Species | Manganese species and exposure conditions | Primary publication(s) |
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Particle solubility and dissolution kinetics | Voluntary | Rat | Phosphate, sulfate, and tetraoxide—intratracheal instillation 0, 0.04, 0.08, or 0.16 μg Mn/g Rats killed at 0, 1, 3, or 14 d | [42] |
Exposure-response and WB clearance | Voluntary | Rat | Phosphate inhalation 6 h/d for either 5 d/wk or 7 d/wk at 0, 0.03, 0.3, or 3 mg Mn/m3 for up to 14 d | [43] |
Particle solubility and WB clearance | Voluntary | Rat | Sulfate and tetroxide inhalation 6 h/d for 7 d/wk at 0, 0.03, 0.3, or 3 mg Mn/m3 for 14 d | [44] |
Diet-inhalation interaction and WB clearance | Voluntary | Rat | Sulfate or tetroxide inhalation 6 h/d for 7 d/wk at 0, 0.03, or 0.3 mg Mn/m3 for 14 d Low (2 ppm), sufficient (10 ppm), or high (100 ppm) Mn diets | [45, 46] |
Olfactory transport of Mn | Voluntary | Rat | Chloride and phosphate inhalation ~0.5 mg Mn/m3 for 90 min Occluded nostril model | [47, 48] |
Individual susceptibility WB clearance Nasal pathology | Required | Rat | Inhalation Exposed 6 h/d for 5 d/wk to sulfate at 0.01, 0.1, or 0.5 mg Mn/m3 or phosphate at 0.1 mg Mn/m3 for up to 90 d Adult male, adult female, and senescent male | [49, 50] |
Individual susceptibility | Required | Rat | Sulfate inhalation Exposed 6 h/d for 7 d/wk at 0, 0.05, 0.5, or 1 mg Mn/m3 throughout the majority of pregnancy or lactation. | [41, 51] |
Species differences Brain imaging Respiratory tract pathology and neurochemistry | Required | Rhesus monkey | Sulfate inhalation Exposed 6 h/d for 5 d/wk at 0, 0.06, 0.3, or 1.5 mg Mn/m3 for up to 90 d. | [34–38] |
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