MicroRNA name Function relates to pregnancy Reference Placenta-specific microRNA miR-23a, miR-136, and miR-141 Enriched in placenta; trophoblast cell proliferation; target pleiomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) [23 –25 ] C14MC cluster Abundant in developing embryo and placenta [26 ] C19MC cluster (miR-516, 517, 518, 519, etc.) Expression restricted in reproductive system and placenta; trophoblast cell invasion, migration; implicated in complete hydatidiform moles (CHM), fetal growth restriction (FGR) [27 –32 ] miR-371, miR-372, and miR-373 Predominantly expressed in placenta [33 ] miR-675 Inhibits embryonic and extraembryonic cell lines proliferation [34 ] miR-1302 family Found in mammal placenta [35 ] Placenta-associated microRNA Let-7 Regulates NF-κ B pathway and IL-6 [36 ] miR-15a, miR-15b Regulates angiogenesis and is increased in preeclampsia; differentially expressed in preterm birth placenta [37 , 38 ] miR-16, miR-21, and miR-146a Downregulated in response to smoke exposure, angiogenesis-associated, and decreased in the small for gestation (SGA) placentas [39 , 40 ] miR-17∼92 cluster Regulate syncytiotrophoblast differentiation [41 ] miR-17, miR-27, and miR-92 Differentially expressed in gestation age; downregulated in early pregnancy loss placenta [42 , 43 ] miR-17, miR-20a, and miR-20b Increased in preeclampsia and regulate hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) [44 , 45 ] miR-18a Inhibits invasion and promotes apoptosis of trophoblast cells [46 ] miR-19b Downregulated in early pregnancy loss placenta [43 ] miR-27a, miR-199b, and miR-429 Regulate renin-angiotensin system to help placenta adapt to hypoxia [47 ] miR-29b Regulates apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis of trophoblast cells [48 ] miR-30a Attenuates mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) mediated immune response in preeclampsia [44 ] miR-34a It is decreased in placenta accreta patients; and suppression of miR-34a increased trophoblast invasion [49 ] miR-93, miR-205, miR-224, miR-335, miR-424, miR-451, miR-491 Differentially expressed in primary trophoblasts exposed to hypoxia and downregulate eNOS (miR-335) [50 , 51 ] miR-101 Regulates apoptosis of trophoblast cells [52 ] miR-126 Proangiogenic factor and decreased in preeclampsia [53 ] miR-133a Overexpressed in recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) and downregulates human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G [54 ] miR-137 Affects proliferation and migration of placenta trophoblast cells [55 ] miR-148/152 family Inhibits IL-12, IL-6, and TNF-α and mediates immune tolerance; regulates HLA-G [56 , 57 ] miR-155 Regulates trophoblast function, including proliferation, migration, invasion, and differentiation; downregulates angiogenic factors and implicated in preeclampsia; targets angiotensin II type 1 receptor; modulates eNOS expression [58 –62 ] miR-181 Regulates TGF-β pathway and IL-6; attenuates the immunosuppressive properties in placenta; inhibits proliferation and immunosuppressive properties of MSCs; is differentially expressed in preterm birth placenta [37 , 63 ] miR-195 Altered expression in preeclampsia; affects trophoblast cell invasion [31 , 64 –67 ] miR-210 Increased expression in response to the hypoxic placenta; regulates trophoblast cell migration and invasion; modulates mitochondrial respiration in placenta; targets critical steroidogenetic enzyme; modulates inflammation-related pathway, potassium channel modulatory factor, and thrombospondin; increased in FGR; differentially expressed in preterm birth placenta [37 , 68 –75 ] miR-325 Elevated in preeclampsia and correlates with blood pressure [76 ] miR-376c Promotes trophoblast cell proliferation and invasion [77 ] miR-378a-5p Promotes trophoblast cell survival, migration, and invasion and contributes to preeclampsia [78 ] miR-424 Regulates trophoblast differentiation [79 ] miR-494 Inhibits MSCs proliferation and angiogenesis [80 ] miR-675 Regulates placental trophoblast cell proliferation [81 ] Placenta-derived circulating microRNA C14MC cluster Identified in the circulation of pregnancy women [82 ] C19MC cluster Identified in exosome and released from human primary trophoblast; upregulated in preeclamptic plasma; increased at early gestational age in circulation [83 –85 ] miR-127, miR-134, and miR-498 cluster Uniquely correlated in the maternal and fetal circulation [82 ] miR-135b, miR-141, miR-149, and miR-299-5p Detected in maternal plasma during pregnancy and decreased in postdelivery plasma [86 ] Uterine microRNA Let-7a, let-7b Induction on the process of embryo invasion during implantation; gradually increased in uteri to inhibit uterine stromal cell proliferation [87 , 88 ] miR-34b, miR-34c, and miR-223 Overexpressed in spontaneous term labor [89 ] miR-96, miR-219-5p, and miR-375 Differentially expressed during prereceptive and receptive phase; regulator of progesterone receptor [90 ] mmu-miR-101a and mmu-miR-199 Regulate critical gene for implantation [91 ] miR-199a/miR-214 Decreased in laboring myometrium and in an inflammatory preterm labor mouse model [92 ] miR-200 Implicated in uterus of preterm labor; involved in progesterone/progesterone receptor pathway [93 , 94 ] miR-222 Regulates endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) differentiation [95 ]
