Posttraumatic Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder after Termination of Pregnancy and Reproductive Loss: A Systematic Review

Table 1

Characteristics of included studies for TOP (a) and TOP with miscarriage/perinatal loss/neonatal death (b).

Authors, year, country, and author listing in reference list	Methods	Reproductive loss, Participants, and control for Prereproductive loss	Outcomes measurements	Quality
(a) Termination of pregnancy (TOP). Numbers of participants are women, men, or couples and are noted separately.
(1) Allanson (2007), Australia [64]	P, L	Nonmedical TOP = 96; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically not controlled	IES
(2) Cohen and Roth (1984), USA [65]	P	Nonmedical TOP = 55; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically controlled	IES
(3) Coyle et al. (2010) USA [22]; Note. This study was chosen over [32]; it had larger number of reported participants.	R	Nonmedical TOP 374 women; 198 men; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically controlled	PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version
(4) Davies et al. (2005), UK [79]	P	Medical TOP 30; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically not controlled	IES
(5) van Emmerik et al. (2008), The Netherlands [66]	P	Nonmedical TOP 67; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically not controlled	IES
(6) Hemmerling et al. (2005), Germany [67]	P, I	Nonmedical TOP 219; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically not controlled	IES
(7) Kelly et al. UK (2010) [68]	P, I	Nonmedical TOP 122; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically controlled	IES
(8) Kersting et al. (2009), Germany [58]; Note. This study was chosen over [41] because of a higher quality rating and [42] because it reports more participants and relevant data.	P, L	62 medical TOP; 43 preterm birth; 65 spontaneous delivery; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically not controlled	IES-R
(9) Korenromp et al. (2005a), The Netherlands [59]; Note. This study was chosen over [43] because of higher quality rating.	R	Medical TOP 196; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically not controlled	IES
(10) Korenromp et al. (2007), The Netherlands [60]; Note. This study was chosen over [44] because of a larger sample.	P, L	Medical TOP 217 women; 169 men; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically not controlled	IES
(11) Layer et al. (2004), USA [69]	P, I	Nonmedical TOP 35; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically not controlled	IES
(12) Major et al. (2000), USA [23]; Notes. This study was chosen over [45] because it reported more data.	P, L	Nonmedical TOP 442; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically not controlled for PTSD	Adapted PTSD measure-using DSM-III-R-used with Vietnam War veterans
(13) Mufel et al. (2002), Belarus, USA [61]; Note. This study was chosen over  [475 ] because of a higher quality rating.	R	Nonmedical TOP 150; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically not controlled	IES-R
(14) Pope et al. (2001), USA [70]	P	Nonmedical TOP 96; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically not controlled for PTS	IES
(15) Rousset et al. (2012), France [71]	P, I	Nonmedical TOP 70; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically not controlled	IES-R
(16) Rue et al. (2004), USA [72]	R	Nonmedical TOP 331 Russian women; 217 American women; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically not controlled	Institute of Pregnancy Loss questionnaire-including criteria for PTSD on DSM-IV
(17) Slade et al. (1998), UK [73]	P, I	Nonmedical TOP 275; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically not controlled for PTS	IES
(18) Suliman et al. (2007), South Africa [74]	P, I	Nonmedical TOP 151; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically controlled	Clinician-administered PTSD scale (CAPS-I)
(19) Trybulski (2006), USA [75]	Q	Nonmedical TOP 16	Qualitative interview.
(20) Walters and Oakley (2002), UK [76]	CS	Nonmedical TOP 1; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically not controlled	The Post-Traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale
(b) TOP and miscarriage/perinatal loss/neonatal death
(21) Broen et al. (2005b), Norway [53]; Note. This study was chosen over [31]; it has a higher quality rating/longer follow-up time [30].	P, L	40 miscarriages; 80 Nonmedical TOP; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically controlled	IES
(22) Canário et al. (2011), Portugal [77]	P	Nonmedical TOP (30); medical TOP (10); miscarriage (10).; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically not controlled	IES-R
(23) Cowchock et al. (2011), USA [78]	P	7 medical TOP, 8 miscarriages; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically not controlled	IES
(24) Fernandez et al. (2011), Canada [80]	Q	2 medical TOP; 5 miscarriages	Qualitative interviews
(25) Hamama et al. (2010), USA [55]; Note. This study was chosen over [46] because of more relevant PTSD data.	P	405 prior pregnancies; 221 prior nonmedical TOP; 206 miscarriages; 22 reported both; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically not controlled	Interview (National Women’s Study PTSD Module (NWS-PTSD)).
(26) Kroth et al. (2004), USA [81]	R	Medical TOP, miscarriage, perinatal loss, and neonatal death 37 women; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically not controlled	IES
(27) Salvesen et al. (1997), Norway [82]	P	24 medical TOP, 29 perinatal losses/neonatal deaths; Prereproductive loss mental health parameters statistically not controlled	IES

Notes: CS = case study; I = intervention design; IES = Impact of Event Scale; IES-R = Revised; L = longitudinal; P = prospective; Q = qualitative; R = retrospective.