Antagonistic Effects of Sublethal Concentrations of Certain Mixtures of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and the Bulk (Al2O3, CuO, and SiO2) on Gill Histology in Clarias gariepinus
Table 3
A 28-day single and joint exposure of Clarias gariepinus to bulk size metals.
Conc. ratio
Bulk metals
Assumed HAI
Toxic level
Actual HAI
Toxic level
Type of joint effect
Pathology
Singly
CuO SiO Al2O3
20.0 6.0 10.0
High Low Moderate
NA NA NA
NA NA NA
NA NA NA
Hypertrophy, EGL, OD, SGL, ANS, necrosis
1 : 1
CuO + SiO CuO + Al2O3
26.0 30.0
High High
14.0 32.0
Moderate High
Antagonistic Additive
Hypertrophy, EGL, OD, EPL, ANS, N, TDL
2 : 1
CuO + SiO CuO + Al2O3
26.0 30.0
High High
6.0 6.0
Low Low
Antagonistic Antagonistic
EH, necrosis Hypertrophy
1 : 2
CuO + SiO CuO + Al2O3
26.0 30.0
High High
14.0 8.0
Moderate Low
Antagonistic Antagonistic
EH, oedema
1 : 1 : 1
CuO + SiO + Al2O3
30 or 26
High
12.0
Low
Antagonistic
EGL, SSGL
Toxic level: HAI: X < 10, low; 10 ≥ X < 20, moderate; X ≥ 20, high.
