Explainable Machine Learning-Based Prediction Model for Diabetic Nephropathy

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the study population.

	NDRD	DN	value
Duration of T2D			0.10
AC			0.96
SBP			0.51
Hb			0.24
PCV			0.26
GLB			0.42
ALP			0.56
UA
MAU			0.33
CHOL			0.33
HDL			0.02
Apo AI			<0.01
Apo B			0.29
INS			0.36
FBG			0.77
GADA			0.32
IGF-1			0.50
FT3			<0.01
TSH			0.77
Cys			0.88
Met			0.39
Ser			0.85
Tyr			0.27
C2			0.93
C4DC			<0.01
C5DC			<0.01
C24			<0.01
eGFR			0.48
HbA1c (%)
0-7	88 (31.10)	44 (15.77)	<0.01
≥7	195 (68.9)	235 (84.23)
AGI (%)
Yes	188 (66.43)	147 (52.69)	<0.01
No	95 (33.57)	132 (47.31)
TZDs (%)
Yes	272 (96.11)	263 (94.27)	0.41
No	11 (3.89)	16 (5.73)
Glinides (%)
Yes	260 (91.87)	271 (97.13)	0.01
No	23 (8.13)	8 (2.87)
Dpp-4 (%)
Yes	266 (93.99)	257 (92.11)	0.48
No	17 (6.01)	22 (7.89)
GLP-1 (%)
Yes	279 (98.59)	269 (96.42)	0.17
No	4 (1.41)	10 (3.58)
SGLT-2 (%)
Yes	282 (99.65)	275 (98.57)	0.36
No	1 (0.35)	4 (1.43)
Hypertension (%)
Yes	155 (54.77)	102 (36.56)	<0.01
No	128 (45.23)	177 (63.44)
Lipid-lowering drug (%)
Yes	169 (92.35)	133 (74.30)	<0.01
No	14 (7.65)	46 (25.7)
Drink (%)
Yes	275 (97.17)	268 (96.06)	0.62
No	8 (2.83)	11 (3.94)

for continuous variables: the value was calculated by a test. % for categorical variables: the value was calculated by a weighted chi-square test. MAU: urinary microalbumin; Duration of T2D: duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus; PCV: erythrocyte pressure volume; SBP: systolic blood pressure; FBG: fasting blood glucose; eGFR: glomerular filtration rate; IGF-1: insulin sample growth factor-1; INS: insulin; FT3: free triiodothyronine; GLB: globulin; Hb: hemoglobin concentration; CHOL: cholesterol; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; UA: blood uric acid; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; Tyr: chitosan; Ser: serine; AC: abdominal circumference; Met: methionine; Apo AI: apolipoprotein A1; Apo B, apolipoprotein B; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone; AGI: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; GADA: glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody; Cys: cysteine; drink: alcohol consumption or not; Dpp-4: dipeptidyl peptidase-4; TZDs: thiazolidinediones; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide; SGLT-2: sodium-glucose cotransporter protein 2 inhibitor; C2: acetylcarnitine; C4DC: succinylcarnitine; C5DC: glutarylcarnitine; C24: tetracosanoic carnitine.