Role of Gut Microbiota, Immune Imbalance, and Allostatic Load in the Occurrence and Development of Diabetic Kidney Disease

Table 1

Experimental study of natural drugs on gut microbiota in DKD.

Ingredient	Source	Moulding method	Effect on gut microbiota	Action mechanism	Related literature
Bupleurum polysaccharides (BP)	Bupleurum	STZ (1 mg/kg)	Reverse the decrease of Bacteroides abundance and the increase of Proteobacteria and Ferribacterium abundance.	Inhibit TLR1 levels, reduce TNF-α and IL-6 levels in the kidney, and improve intestinal barrier.	[189]
Cordyceps cicadae polysaccharides (CCP)	Cordyceps sinensis	STZ (0.1 mg/kg)	Increase the abundance of Lactobacillus and Bacteroidetes, decrease Proteobacteria and Deferribacteres.	Block TLR4/NF-κB and TGF-β1 signaling pathways, decrease the concentrations of serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.	[35]
Cornus	Cornus	STZ (35 mg/kg)	Increase the abundance of gut lactobacilli and increase SCFA content.	Reduce inflammatory infiltration.	[190]
Ginsenoside compound K	Ginseng	db/db mice	Decrease the level of Bacteroides and increase the level of Lactobacillus.	Reverse the upregulation of TGF-β1 expression, inhibit NF-κB, decrease the expression of IL-6 and IL-1β, and downregulate the expression of the IMP-induced TLR4 signaling pathway.	[191]
Magnesium lithospermate B (MLB)	Salvia miltiorrhiza	STZ (40 mg/kg)	Reduce the abundance of Shigella and Aspergillus species.	Regulate BA metabolism, restore intestinal barrier integrity, and inhibit inflammatory cell release.	[192]
Resveratrol	Polygonum cuspidatum, mulberry	db/db mice	Restore the proportion of Firmicutes/Bacteroides.	Reduce the kidney mRNA levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-1β.	[217]