Research Article
A Prediction Model for Sight-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy Based on Plasma Adipokines among Patients with Mild Diabetic Retinopathy
Table 1
Clinical characteristics of the study participants.
| | Case-control set | External cohort | | Training set () | Testing set () | Validation set () |
| | Age (years) | 55 (16.00) | 53 (17.50) | 53 (16.5) | | BMI (kg/m2) | 25.6 (5.35) | 25.6 (4.90) | 26.3 (4.55) | | Duration of diabetes (years) | 9.92 (11.92) | 9.00 (13.42) | 10.0 (12.15) | | Hypertension (%) | 76 (35.3%) | 43 (47.3%) | 49 (44.5%) | | Gender (male) | 114 (53.0%) | 48 (52.7%) | 51 (46.4%) | | Smoke (%) | 61 (28.4%) | 24 (26.4%) | 32 (29.1%) | | Laboratory parameters, median (IQR) | | | | | Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 8.16 (4.42) | 8.38 (4.78) | 9.81 (6.41) | | Fasting C-peptide (mIU/l) | 1.69 (1.32) | 1.40 (1.17) | 1.64 (1.16) | | 2 h C-peptide (mIU/l) | 3.61 (3.42) | 3.34 (3.76) | 3.86 (3.30) | | HbA1c (%) | 9.40 (2.75) | 10.10 (2.85) | 9.25 (2.85) | | TGs (mmol/l) | 1.55 (1.18) | 1.65 (1.44) | 1.61 (1.08) | | TC (mmol/l) | 4.83 (1.52) | 5.00 (1.87) | 4.46 (1.45) | | LDL-c (mmol/l) | 3.10 (1.21) | 3.24 (1.32) | 2.90 (1.06) | | eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 117 (38.70) | 113 (44.81) | 118 (34.32) | | UACR | | | | | Normal | 134 (62.3%) | 52 (57.1%) | 77 (70.0%) | | Microalbuminuria | 58 (27.0%) | 26 (28.6%) | 24 (21.8%) | | Macroalbuminuria | 23 (10.7%) | 13 (14.3%) | 9 (8.2%) | | Diabetic retinopathy | | | | | Mild NPDR | 140 (65.1%) | 60 (65.9%) | 110 (100%) | | STDR | 75 (34.9%) | 31 (34.1%) | — |
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Continuous variables are presented as median (interquartile ranges), and categorical variables are expressed as numbers with percentages. Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; TGs: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; NPDR: nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy; STDR: sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy.
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