Association of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Urine Metabolites with Type 1 Diabetes

Table 4

Association of urinary levels of PAHs metabolites with type 1 diabetes in boys and girls.

Metabolites (μg/g creatinine)		Crude models		Adjusted model		Adjusted model
		OR	value	OR	value	OR	value
Boys
1-Hydroxynaphthalene	Quartile 1	Ref		Ref		Ref
	Quartile 2	0.94	0.900	1.12	0.835	1.24	0.770
	Quartile 3	1.22	0.663	3.17	0.028	2.05	0.280
	Quartile 4	1.53	0.359	2.73	0.055	2.07	0.310
2-Hydroxynaphthalene	Quartile 1	Ref		Ref		Ref
	Quartile 2	1.17	0.734	1.12	0.832	0.35	0.209
	Quartile 3	4.03	0.005	3.17	0.028	3.09	0.085
	Quartile 4	2.49	0.047	2.72	0.055	3.02	0.101
NAP metabolites	Quartile 1	Ref		Ref		Ref
	Quartile 2	2	0.144	2.02	0.176	2.04	0.292
	Quartile 3	2.4	0.068	2.34	0.115	4.34	0.044
	Quartile 4	2.7	0.030	2.72	0.043	4.09	0.041
Girls
1-Hydroxynaphthalene	Quartile 1	Ref		Ref		Ref
	Quartile 2	0.74	0.548	0.84	0.752	1.39	0.727
	Quartile 3	1.25	0.642	1.56	0.419	3.40	0.173
	Quartile 4	1.74	0.252	1.81	0.277	2.08	0.437
2-Hydroxynaphthalene	Quartile 1	Ref		Ref		Ref
	Quartile 2	3.57	0.019	4.22	0.024	10.6	0.032
	Quartile 3	6.4	0.001	5.81	0.004	6.21	0.044
	Quartile 4	7.5	<0.001	7.34	0.002	10.4	0.030
NAP metabolites	Quartile 1	Ref		Ref		Ref
	Quartile 2	2.7	0.046	2.76	0.085	2.52	0.305
	Quartile 3	5.1	0.197	2.06	0.206	3.31	0.170
	Quartile 4	0.48	0.003	4.83	0.011	4.94	0.111

NAP metabolites; the sum of 1-hydroxynaphthalene and 2-hydroxynaphthalene (creatinine-corrected concentration (μg/g creatinine)). Models are adjusted for age, mother’s education, father’s education, breastfeeding duration, passive smoking at home, formula feeding, breast milk, and consumption of cow’s milk. Models are adjusted for age, mother’s education, father’s education, breastfeeding duration, passive smoking at home, formula feeding, breast milk and consumption of cow’s milk, BMI, and 5 dietary patterns.