Association of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Urine Metabolites with Type 1 Diabetes

Table 3

Association of urinary levels of PAHs metabolites with type 1 diabetes.

Metabolites (μg/g creatinine)		Crude models		Adjusted model		Adjusted model
		OR	value	OR	value	OR	value
1-Hydroxynaphthalene	Quartile 1	Ref		Ref		Ref
	Quartile 2	0.85	0.617	0.85	0.659	1.4	0.491
	Quartile 3	1.25	0.508	1.33	0.419	1.7	0.249
	Quartile 4	1.64	0.137	1.53	0.222	2.2	0.098
2-Hydroxynaphthalene	Quartile 1	Ref		Ref		Ref
	Quartile 2	1.93	0.060	1.70	0.167	1.3	0.629
	Quartile 3	4.75	<0.001	3.81	<0.001	4.2	0.002
	Quartile 4	3.98	<0.001	3.45	0.001	3.1	0.015
NAP metabolites	Quartile 1	Ref		Ref		Ref
	Quartile 2	2.34	0.013	2.14	0.037	2.01	0.143
	Quartile 3	2.09	0.030	1.99	0.060	3.02	0.022
	Quartile 4	3.48	<0.001	3.03	0.002	3.70	0.009

NAP metabolites; the sum of 1-hydroxynaphthalene and 2-hydroxynaphthalene (creatinine-corrected concentration (μg/g creatinine)). Models are adjusted for age, sex, mother’s education, father’s education, breastfeeding duration, passive smoking at home, formula feeding, breast milk, and consumption of cow’s milk. Models are adjusted for age, sex, mother’s education, father’s education, breastfeeding duration, passive smoking at home, formula feeding, breast milk and consumption of cow’s milk, BMI, and 5 dietary patterns.