The Effects of Antioxidants and Pulsed Magnetic Fields on Slow and Fast Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Induced by Streptozotocin: A Preclinical Study

Figure 7

Downstream effectors of mTOR and ubiquitination. The gene expression analyses revealed differential expression of several key genes involved in muscle protein synthesis and degradation. (a) There was no statistical difference observed in the expression level of the 4E-BP1 gene between the DM+PMF group and DM group in both soleus () and EDL () muscles. (b) p70S6K showed no significant difference between the PTS and RSV treatments in the soleus muscles (), whereas RSV was significantly more effective than PTS in the EDL muscles (). (c) TRIM72 did not exhibit any significant differences between the treatment groups in either the soleus () or EDL () muscles. (d) UbC gene expression did not show a statistically significant difference when comparing the DM+RSV group to the DM+PMF group in both the soleus and EDL () muscles. However, in the EDL muscles, a significant difference was observed between DM+PTS and DM+RSV (). In all gene expression analyses, independent experiments were performed. The notation “ns” indicates nonsignificant differences () between groups, “χ” indicates significant differences () between groups, “β” indicates significant differences () from DM+PMF, “” indicates significant differences () from DM, and “” indicates significant differences () from C. All data were expressed as , and values were calculated using one-way ANOVA with the Tukey post hoc test for multiple comparisons.

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