The Effects of Antioxidants and Pulsed Magnetic Fields on Slow and Fast Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Induced by Streptozotocin: A Preclinical Study

Figure 6

Immunohistochemical staining and gene expression of markers exacerbating diabetic muscle atrophy in soleus and EDL muscles. The immunohistochemical staining images of FBXO32, TRIM63, and FoxO3a in the soleus (a) and EDL (b) muscles were obtained from different groups. Negligible presence of markers aggravating atrophy was observed in the control group, while intense staining was detected in the DM group for all three markers. Notably, EDL muscles showed stronger staining than soleus muscles, indicating a higher degree of muscle-specific atrophy. Treatment of diabetic skeletal muscle tissues with PMF+PTS and PMF+RSV resulted in a reduction of the intense staining observed. Scale bar: 0.5 μm. In addition to the immunohistochemical analyses, RT-PCR analyses were performed to determine the gene expression levels of FBXO32, TRIM63, and FoxO3a. (c) The expression levels of FBXO32 in the soleus muscles were not significantly different between PMF+PTS and PTS (), or between PMF+RSV and RSV (). However, in the EDL muscles, the combined treatments of PMF+PTS and PMF+RSV showed significant differences compared to PTS () and RSV (), respectively. (d) For TRIM63 gene expression levels, the PTS treatment resulted in a more significant reduction in both the soleus () and EDL () muscles compared to the RSV treatment. (e) All treatment groups showed statistically significant differences in FoxO3a gene expression levels compared to the DM group (). In all gene expression analyses, independent experiments were performed. The notation “ns” indicates nonsignificant differences () between groups, “χ” indicates significant differences () between groups, “β” indicates significant differences () from DM+PMF, “” indicates significant differences () from DM, and “” indicates significant differences () from C. All data were expressed as , and values were calculated using one-way ANOVA with the Tukey post hoc test for multiple comparisons.

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