Research Article
The Effects of Antioxidants and Pulsed Magnetic Fields on Slow and Fast Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Induced by Streptozotocin: A Preclinical Study
Figure 4
Total protein content, glucose, serum insulin levels, and changes in body and muscle weight. (a) There was no significant difference in total protein levels between the DM+PMF and DM groups (). Additionally, the PTS and RSV treatment groups did not show any significant differences in protein levels compared to each other in both soleus and EDL muscles (). (b) Final blood glucose levels (bars) and serum insulin levels (line chart) were measured. The DM+PTS group exhibited a significantly greater decrease in glucose levels compared to the DM+RSV group (), and its insulin levels increased to a greater extent than those of the DM+RSV group (). Total protein concentration in the soleus and EDL muscles was determined using the Bradford protein assay from 10 independent animals. Serum insulin levels were measured using appropriate ELISA kits from blood collected at the end of the experiment. (c) Changes in the final body weight of the rats were calculated as a percentage of the final mean weight of the control group (C) at week 5. (d) The weights of the soleus and EDL muscles were measured after the rats were sacrificed at the end of the experiment. (e) The graph illustrates the adjusted relative muscle weight of 100 g rats. (f) The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the muscles was calculated by dividing the muscle weight by the muscle length, measured prior to severing the distal tendons. The notation “ns” indicates nonsignificant differences () between groups, “β” indicates significant differences () from DM+PMF, “” indicates significant differences () from DM, and “” indicates significant differences () from C. In (b), significant differences between groups were represented by “χG” and “χI” for glucose and insulin, respectively. The symbols βG and βI were used to indicate a significant difference from the DM+PMF group for glucose and insulin, respectively. G-I was assigned to show a significant difference from C, and “G-I” was used to indicate significant differences from the DM group for glucose and insulin, respectively. All data were expressed as , and values were calculated using one-way ANOVA with the Tukey post hoc test for multiple comparisons.
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