The Effect of Telenursing on Disease Outcomes in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review

Table 2

Main characteristics of studies assessing the impact of telenursing on medication adherence in type 2 diabetes patients.

Author, year country, ref.	Sex (M/F)	Age (mean)	Study design	Study population and setting	Follow-up time	Intervention group	Control group
Crowley et al. (2013) (USA) [46]	56/126	56	RCT	African-American patients with type 2DM referring from the CHANGE study	12 months	Monthly nurse telephone calls	Usual care
Wong et al. (2005) (China) [23]	32/20	61	RCT	Patients with type 2DM, attending the endocrinology outpatient clinic at a regional hospital in Hong Kong	24 weeks	Routine care plus bi/weekly assessment by nurse telephone calls	Routine care
Aliha et al. (2012) (Iran) [54]	16/15	50	RCT	Patients with type 2DM, attending the endocrinology outpatient clinic of Imam Khomeini hospital	12 weeks	Nurse telephone calls	Routine care
Gatwood et al. (2016) (USA) [48]	12/12	47	RCT	Patients with type 2DM registered at a Western Michigan health system	12 weeks	Nurse telephone calls	Routine care
Soliman (2016) (Egypt) [32]	13/17	—	Quasiexperimental	Patients with type 2DM attending the outpatient endocrinology unit of medical hospital in Mansoura city.	12 weeks	Educational meetings by nurses and phone calls	Usual care
Asante et al. (2020) (Ghana) [30]	8/22	55	RCT	Patients with type 2DM referring to the Diabetes Centre of Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Kumasi	12 weeks	Phone follow-up calls by a diabetes specialist nurse	Self-care education
Kaur et al. (2015) (India) [47]	21/19	51	RCT	Patients with type 2DM referring to the outpatient clinic	12 weeks	Nurse telephone calls	Routine care