The Effect of Telenursing on Disease Outcomes in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review

Table 1

Main characteristics of studies assessing the impact of telenursing on self-care in type 2 diabetes patients.

Author, year country, ref.	Sex (M/F)	Age (mean)	Study design	Study population and setting	Follow-up time	Intervention group	Control group
Blackberry et al. (2013) (Australia) [36]	131/105	62.8	RCT	Patients with type 2DM, who were recruited at Patient Engagement And Coaching for Health study	12 weeks	Nurse telephone calls	Usual care
Elgaphar and El Gafar (2017) (Egypt) [31]	26/24	54	Quasiexperimental	Patients with type 2DM at least for 1 year, attending the endocrinology outpatient clinic and medical department of Menoufia University Hospitals	12 weeks	Routine care plus the telenursing program	Routine care
Shahabi et al. (2022) (Iran) [35]	14/16	46	RCT	Patients with type 2DM referring to diabetes clinic at Alzahra Hospital of Gilan Gharb.	8 weeks	Weekly nurse calls	Usual care
Azhdari Mamaghani et al. (2021) (Iran) [33]	—	55	RCT	Patients with type 2DM, attending the endocrinology outpatient clinic at Sina academic hospital of Tabriz	12 weeks	Nurse telephone calls and initial education	Usual care or initial nurse education without further telephone calls
Piette et al. (2000) (USA) [21]	48/76	56	Quasiexperimental	Patients with type 2DM with life expectancy longer than 1 year, attending the endocrinology outpatient clinic at Stanford University	12 months	Usual care plus biweekly automated assessment and self-care education	Usual care
Piette et al. (2001) (USA) [22]	95/31	60	RCT	Patients with type 2DM, attending the endocrinology outpatient clinic at Stanford University	12 months	Usual care plus biweekly assessment by nurse telephone calls	Usual care
Aliha et al. (2012) (Iran) [54]	16/15	50	RCT	Patients with type 2DM, attending the endocrinology outpatient clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital	12 weeks	Nurse telephone calls	Routine care
Wong et al. (2005) (China) [23]	32/20	61	RCT	Patients with type 2DM, attending the endocrinology outpatient clinic at a regional hospital in Hong Kong	24 weeks	Routine care plus bi/weekly assessment by nurse telephone calls	Routine care
Aytekin et al. (2016) (Turkey) [34]	17/27	58	RCT	Patients with type 2DM, attending the endocrinology outpatient clinic at a regional hospital in Central Anatolia region	12 weeks	Education and nurse telephone follow-up	Routine care
Asante et al. (2020) (Ghana) [30]	8/22	55	RCT	Patients with type 2DM referring to the Diabetes Centre of Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Kumasi	12 weeks	Phone follow-up calls by a diabetes specialist nurse	Self-Care education
Nesari et al. (2010) (Iran) [29]	19/11	51	RCT	Patients with type 2DM attending the Iranian Diabetes Society	12 weeks	Education and nurse telephone calls	Usual care
Soliman (2016) (Egypt) [32]	13/17	—	Quasiexperimental	Patients with type 2DM attending the outpatient endocrinology unit of medical hospital in Mansoura city.	12 weeks	Educational meetings by nurses and phone calls	Usual care