Epidemiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in the Waikato Region of New Zealand: 2000-2019

Table 1

DKA event characteristics by DKA subgroup.

Factors	1: DKA with diabetes diagnosis at admission		2: nonrecurrent DKA		3: recurrent DKA		Total DKA		value
									3 groups	1 vs. 2	1 vs. 3	2 vs. 3
Gender
Female	66	42.3%	121	49.0%	461	54.2%	648	51.7%	0.016	0.190	0.006	0.151
Male	90	57.7%	126	51.0%	390	45.8%	606	48.3%
Ethnicity
Māori	34	21.8%	48	19.4%	246	28.9%	328	26.2%	0.005	0.566	0.068	0.003
Non-Māori	122	78.2%	199	80.6%	605	71.1%	926	73.8%
Age group
<5 years	16	10.3%	0		1	0.1%	17	1.4%	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
5-14 years	59	37.8%	21	8.5%	81	9.5%	161	12.8%
15-24 years	34	21.8%	62	25.1%	363	42.7%	459	36.6%
25-34 years	13	8.3%	30	12.1%	192	22.6%	235	18.7%
35-44 years	14	9.0%	30	12.1%	121	14.2%	165	13.2%
≥45 years	20	12.8%	104	42.1%	93	10.9%	217	17.3%
Rurality
Rural	36	23.1%	60	24.3%	192	22.6%	288	23.0%	0.850	0.780	0.888	0.569
Urban	120	76.9%	187	75.7%	659	77.4%	966	77.0%
NZ deprivation (quintile)^1
1	20	12.8%	18	7.3%	71	8.3%	109	8.7%	0.327	0.365	0.301	0.389
2	13	8.3%	20	8.1%	96	11.3%	129	10.3%
3	27	17.3%	38	15.4%	130	15.3%	195	15.6%
4	36	23.1%	68	27.5%	192	22.6%	296	23.6%
5	60	38.5%	103	41.7%	362	42.5%	525	41.9%
Type of diabetes mellitus^2
Type 1	140	93.3%	184	74.8%	819	96.4%	1143	91.7%	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Type 2	10	6.7%	62	25.2%	31	3.6%	103	8.3%
pH (median+IQR)	7.20	(7.12-7.28)	7.20	(7.08-7.27)	7.20	(7.08-7.27)	7.20	(7.08-7.27)	0.480	0.654	0.412	0.723
HCO3^- (median+IQR)	12.0	(8.78-16.73)	12.0	(8.00-16.00)	12.0	(8.20-16.20)	12.0	(8.30-16.20)	0.860	0.954	0.881	0.920
LOS (days) (median+IQR)	6.70	(4.66-8.24)	3.80	(1.90-6.84)	2.70	(1.77-4.16)	3.00	(1.87-5.47)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Total	156	12.4%	247	19.7%	851	67.9%	1254	100%

¹Quintile 1 represents the least deprivation, and quintile 5 represents the highest deprivation. ²Six cases of unknown diabetes type. DKA = diabetic ketoacidosis; HCO₃^- = bicarbonate; IQR = interquartile range; LOS = length of stay.