The Composite Autonomic Symptom Score 31 Questionnaire: A Sensitive Test to Detect Risk for Autonomic Neuropathy
Table 1
Clinical characteristics at baseline.
Clinical characteristics
Longstanding diabetes
Early diabetes
Controls
value
Age (years at recruitment)
0.950
Gender (women/men)
10/11
8/7
16/14
0.911
BMI (kg/m2)
0.680
Diabetes duration (years)
0
0
n/a
Fasting glucose (OGTT), mmol/L
<0.001
2-hour glucose (OGTT), mmol/L
<0.001
HbA1c (mmol/Mol) (%)
(7.1)
(6.1)
(5.5)
<0.001
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
†
†
<0.001
HDL (mmol/L)
†
†
<0.001
LDL (mmol/L)
†
0.001
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
†
0.009
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)
0.458
Systolic blood pressure rest (mmHg)
††
††
0.015
Diastolic blood pressure, rest (mmHg)
††
0.023
Comorbidity ()
Nephropathy
0
0
0
n/a
Distal neuropathy, %
4.8
6.7
0
0.400
Hypertension, %
52
47
17
0.017
Cardiovascular disease, %
4.8
13
3.3
0.401
Drugs ()
Metformin, %
81
0
0
n/a
Sulphonylurea, %
19
0
0
n/a
DPP-4 inhibitor, %
48
0
0
n/a
SGLT2 inhibitor, %
38
0
0
n/a
Another antidiabetic medication, %
9.5
0
0
n/a
Diet-treated diabetes, %
9.5
0
0
n/a
Betablocker, %
4.8
20
13
0.370
ACE-I/ARB, %
48
40
10
<0.001
Other antihypertensive medication, %
19
13
7
0.410
Lipid modifying treatment, %
67
47
13
<0.001
Smoking status,% (present/past/never)
10/38/52
7/13/80
3/43/54
0.300
Data are unless otherwise indicated. values using one-way ANOVA or Pearson’s chi square test. Post hoc test for continuous data between groups using Bonferroni: †significant compared to controls, ††significant compared to early diabetes, all other groups were <0.001 with significant difference to each other. Diabetes duration, comorbidity, smoking status, and drugs are self-reported. Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; DPP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase-4; SGLT-2: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; ACE-I: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker.
