The Effect of a Patient Activation Tailored Intervention on Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management and Clinical Outcomes: A Study from Saudi Arabian Primary Care Settings

Table 3

Paired sample -test of study’s outcomes.

	Baseline ()	Postintervention ()	Mean difference
PAM score		61.58 (15.69)	-6.83	-5.30	<0.001
Clinical outcomes
HbA1c			0.83	4.76	<0.001
Diastolic blood pressure			-0.03	-0.03	0.98
Systolic blood pressure			2.92	1.05	0.55
Cholesterol			0.15	0.87	0.39
Triglyceride			-0.04	-0.36	0.72
BMI			1.74	6.60	<0.001
Self-management behaviors
General diet			-1.01	-3.67	<0.001
Specific diet			-0.07	-0.36	0.72
Overall diet score			0.56	-2.85	0.006
Exercise			-0.95	-3.47	<0.001
Blood glucose self-testing			-0.86	-2.98	<0.001
Foot care			-0.25	-0.78	0.44
Adherence to medication			-0.11	-0.59	0.56
Overall score			-0.50	-3.70	<0.001
DKT			-0.92	-2.82	0.01
PAID-5			-0.02	-0.05	0.96
DQOL			1.47	1.47	0.15

Note. BMI = body mass index; DKT = diabetes-related knowledge test; PAID-5 = problem area in diabetes; DQOL = diabetes-related quality of life; M = mean; SD = standard deviation.