The Effect of a Patient Activation Tailored Intervention on Type 2 Diabetes Self-Management and Clinical Outcomes: A Study from Saudi Arabian Primary Care Settings
Table 2
Baseline participants’ characteristics data ().
Variable
Category
%
Gender
Male
32
39.0
Female
50
61.0
Age group
≤40
12
14.6
41-60
55
67.1
>60
15
18.3
Marital statusa
Single
3
3.8
Married
67
83.8
Others “divorced and widowed”
10
12.5
Educationa
No education
16
19.8
Primary education
13
16.0
Secondary education
17
21.0
University education
35
43.2
Employment status
Employed
33
40.2
Not employed
26
31.7
Retired
23
28.0
Family income statusb
Low income
24
30.8
Middle income
41
52.6
High income
13
16.7
Glycemic control (HBA1c) (,) (%)
Controlled (≤7%)
23
29.5
Uncontrolled (>7%)
55
70.5
Total cholesterol
Normal (<5.18 mmol/L)
44
57.1
Abnormal (>5.18 mmol/L)
33
42.9
Triglyceride
Normal (≤1.70 mmol/L)
45
57.7
Abnormal (>1.70 mmol/L)
33
42.3
Diastolic blood pressure
Normal (<90 mmHg)
76
92.7
Abnormal (≥90 mmHg)
6
7.3
Systolic blood pressure
Normal (<140 mmHg)
63
76.8
Abnormal (≥140 mmHg)
19
23.2
BMI
Normal weight (18.5-24.9)
6
7.3
Overweight (25-29.9)
34
41.5
Obese (≥30)
42
51.2
Diabetes duration
<5 years
29
37.2
5-10 years
22
28.2
>10 years
27
34.6
Type of medication
Insulin only
8
9.8
Oral hypoglycemic agent only
64
78.0
Insulin + oral hypoglycemic agent
10
12.2
Hospitalization due to DM
Yes
7
9.0
No
71
91.0
Comorbidities
Yes
26
36.6
No
45
63.4
Note. BMI = body mass index; M = mean; SD = standard deviation. aMarital status and education were recategorized into new groups for the purpose of this analysis. Age was a continuous data, but it was categorized for the purpose of this analysis. bFamily income is per month and classified into three groups: low income (<10000 SAR), middle income (10000-15000 SAR), and high income (>15000 SAR). 1 AUD. Saudi family income data (https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/household_income_and_expenditure_survey_2018_en_27-6-2019.pdf).
