Malnutrition Is Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Table 3

Associations of malnutrition assessed by four assessment tools with DR.

	Univariable	value	Multivariable	value
	OR (95% CI)		aOR (95% CI)
GLIM (normal nutrition as reference)	1.68 (1.08-2.61)	0.020	1.86 (1.01-3.14)	0.046
PNI, continuous	0.94 (0.91-0.97)	<0.001	0.96 (0.92-1.00)	0.033
PNI, categorical (normal nutrition as reference)	2.50 (1.46-4.27)	0.001	2.24 (1.07-4.69)	0.032
NRI, continuous	0.94 (0.92-0.97)	<0.001	0.95 (0.92-0.99)	0.007
NRI, categorical (normal nutrition as reference)
Malnutrition	1.95 (1.36-2.78)	<0.001	1.67 (1.04-2.70)	0.034
Mild	1.61 (0.95-2.69)	0.073	1.50 (0.79-2.79)	0.207
Moderate-severe	2.17 (1.43-3.27)	<0.001	1.83 (1.03-3.23)	0.038
CONUT, continuous	1.22 (1.09-1.37)	0.001	1.14 (0.95-1.36)	0.149
CONUT, categorical (normal nutrition as reference)
Malnutrition	1.77 (1.23-2.56)	0.002	1.39 (0.81-2.36)	0.228
Mild	1.64 (1.11-2.41)	0.013	1.31 (0.75-2.25)	0.339
Moderate-severe	2.80 (1.25-6.27)	0.012	2.35 (0.77-7.27)	0.134

Adjusted for age, gender, BMI, smoking, low education, duration of diabetes, hypertension, LDL-C, hs-CRP, anemia, DPN, DN, ASCVD, OAD, insulin, and ACEI/ARB. Abbreviations: DR: diabetic retinopathy; GLIM: Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition; PNI: prognostic nutritional index; NRI: nutritional risk index; CONUT: controlling nutritional status; BMI: body mass index; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP: hypersensitive C-reactive protein; DPN: diabetic peripheral neuropathy; DN: diabetic nephropathy; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; OAD: oral antidiabetic drug; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker.