Research Article
Malnutrition Is Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Table 3
Associations of malnutrition assessed by four assessment tools with DR.
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adjusted for age, gender, BMI, smoking, low education, duration of diabetes, hypertension, LDL-C, hs-CRP, anemia, DPN, DN, ASCVD, OAD, insulin, and ACEI/ARB. Abbreviations: DR: diabetic retinopathy; GLIM: Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition; PNI: prognostic nutritional index; NRI: nutritional risk index; CONUT: controlling nutritional status; BMI: body mass index; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP: hypersensitive C-reactive protein; DPN: diabetic peripheral neuropathy; DN: diabetic nephropathy; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; OAD: oral antidiabetic drug; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker. |