Malnutrition Is Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Table 2

Baseline characteristics of patients with different retinopathy statuses.

	Non-DR ()	NPDR ()	PDR ()	value
Demographic characteristics
Age (years)				0.103
, (%)	173 (40.4)	51 (47.2)	32 (42.1)	0.440
Male, (%)	277 (64.7)	63 (58.3)	43 (56.6)	0.242
BMI (kg/m^2)				0.067
kg/m^2, (%)	213 (49.8)	49 (45.4)	32 (42.1)	0.388
Smoking, (%)	131 (30.7)	26 (24.1)	12 (15.8)	0.018
Low education, (%)	353 (82.5)	93 (86.1)	64 (84.2)	0.648
Medical history and clinical condition
Hypertension, (%)	179 (41.8)	58 (53.7)	36 (47.4)	0.074
SBP (mmHg)				0.002
DBP (mmHg)				0.756
Duration of diabetes (years)	4 (0, 10)	10 (6, 17)	10 (7, 18)	<0.001
DN, (%)	42 (9.8)	25 (23.1)	27 (35.5)	<0.001
DPN, (%)	148 (34.6)	70 (64.8)	48 (63.2)	<0.001
CAD, (%)	30 (7.0)	9 (8.3)	6 (7.9)	0.878
Stroke, (%)	7 (1.6)	10 (9.3)	6 (7.9)	<0.001
ASCVD, (%)	35 (8.2)	18 (16.7)	11 (14.5)	0.017
Anemia, (%)	58 (13.6)	28 (25.9)	25 (32.9)	<0.001
Laboratory examination
FBG (mmol/L)				0.487
2hPBG (mmol/L)				0.588
HbA1C (%)				0.165
TG (mmol/L)	1.63 (1.07, 2.73)	1.54 (1.15, 2.30)	1.53 (1.03, 2.47)	0.748
TC (mmol/L)				0.165
LDL-C (mmol/L)				0.058
HDL-C (mmol/L)				0.391
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)				<0.001
hs-CRP (mg/L)	1.70 (0.70, 3.40)	1.30 (0.50, 3.50)	1.35 (0.60, 3.55)	0.595
Albumin (g/L)				<0.001
Hb (g/L)				<0.001
Lymphocyte (10^9/L)				0.289
Neutrophil (10^9/L)				0.578
Medication
OAD, (%)	258 (61.6)	77 (74.0)	55 (74.3)	0.013
Insulin, (%)	47 (11.2)	35 (33.7)	28 (37.8)	<0.001
ACEI/ARB, (%)	73 (18.4)	27 (28.4)	15 (20.3)	0.095
Malnutrition
GLIM, (%)	65 (15.8)	18 (17.8)	23 (32.9)	0.003
PNI, continuous				<0.001
PNI, categorical, (%)	31 (7.2)	13 (12.0)	17 (22.4)	<0.001
NRI, continuous				<0.001
NRI, categorical, (%)				0.002
Mild	50 (11.7)	18 (16.7)	9 (11.8)
Moderate-severe	77 (18.0)	29 (26.9)	27 (35.5)
CONUT, continuous	1 (0, 2)	1 (0, 2)	1 (0, 3)	0.015
CONUT, categorical, (%)				0.009
Mild	99 (23.1)	32 (29.6)	26 (34.2)
Moderate-severe	13 (3.0)	6 (5.6)	7 (9.2)

Abbreviations: DR: diabetic retinopathy; NPDR: nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DN: diabetic nephropathy; DPN: diabetic peripheral neuropathy; CAD: coronary artery disease; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; FBG: fasting blood glucose; 2hPBG: 2-hour postprandial blood glucose; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; hs-CRP: hypersensitive C-reactive protein; OAD: oral antidiabetic drug; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; GLIM: Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition; PNI: prognostic nutritional index; NRI: nutritional risk index; CONUT: controlling nutritional status.