Malnutrition Is Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of all participants.

	All participants ()
Demographic characteristics
Age (years)
, (%)	256 (41.8)
Male, (%)	383 (62.6)
BMI (kg/m^2)
kg/m^2, (%)	294 (48.0)
Smoking, (%)	169 (27.7)
Low education, (%)	510 (83.3)
Medical history and clinical condition
Hypertension, (%)	273 (44.6)
SBP (mmHg)
DBP (mmHg)
Duration of diabetes (years)	6.0 (1, 10)
DN, (%)	94 (15.4)
DPN, (%)	266 (43.5)
CAD, (%)	45 (7.4)
Stroke, (%)	23 (3.8)
ASCVD, (%)	64 (10.5)
Anemia, (%)	111 (18.1)
Laboratory examination
FBG (mmol/L)
2hPBG (mmol/L)
HbA1C (%)
TG (mmol/L)	1.60 (1.08, 2.63)
TC (mmol/L)
LDL-C (mmol/L)
HDL-C (mmol/L)
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)
hs-CRP (mg/L)	1.60 (0.70, 3.50)
Albumin (g/L)
Hb (g/L)
Lymphocyte (10^9/L)
Neutrophil (10^9/L)
Medication
OAD, (%)	390 (65.3)
Insulin, (%)	110 (18.5)
ACEI/ARB, (%)	115 (20.4)
Malnutrition
GLIM, (%)	106 (18.2)
PNI, continuous
PNI, categorical, (%)	61 (10.0)
NRI, continuous
NRI, categorical, (%)
Mild	77 (12.6)
Moderate-severe	133 (21.7)
CONUT, continuous	1(0, 2)
CONUT, categorical, (%)
Mild	157 (25.7)
Moderate-severe	26 (4.2)

Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DN: diabetic nephropathy; DPN: diabetic peripheral neuropathy; CAD: coronary artery disease; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; FBG: fasting blood glucose; 2hPBG: 2-hour postprandial blood glucose; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; hs-CRP: hypersensitive C-reactive protein; OAD: oral antidiabetic drug; ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; GLIM: Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition; PNI: prognostic nutritional index; NRI: nutritional risk index; CONUT: controlling nutritional status.