The Effects of Nurse-Led Multidisciplinary Team Management on Glycosylated Hemoglobin, Quality of Life, Hospitalization, and Help-Seeking Behavior of People with Diabetes Mellitus

Table 2

Changes in HbA1c and QOL scores between the two groups.

Outcomes	Intervention group ()	Control group ()	Estimated between-group difference (95% CI)	value^Δ
Change in HbA1c (%)	-1.08	0.45	-1.53 (-1.91, -1.14)	<0.001^⋄
Baseline			0.74 (0.41, 1.09)
6 months			0.58 (0.28, 0.87)
12 months			-0.04 (-0.44, 0.36)
24 months			-0.65 (-1.04, -0.26)
Change in QOL score	4.04	-5.10	9.14 (1.21, 17.07)	<0.001^⋄
Baseline			-8.27 (-12.43,-4.12)
6 months			-3.31 (-7.34, 0.71)
12 months			-1.18 (-6.56, 4.21)
24 months			0.86 (-6.24, 7.97)

SD: standard deviation; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; QOL: quality of life; CI: confidence interval. Reference is the control group; ^Δintention-to-treat analysis using general linear mixed model with group; time, , and covariates of age, gender, diabetes complications, and treatment modality. ^⋄Overall effect value.