This study characterized uranium metal dust cloud combustion using absorption spectroscopy, imaging, and broadband emission measurements. Other metals were similarly combusted to establish correlations between results from this study and those found in the literature. It was determined that the burn temperature of uranium was limited to the volatilization temperature of uranium dioxide. Combustion behavior was similar to that of other refractory metals in terms of burn time and the observation of exploding particle behavior.

Emily N. Weerakkody

Brian A. Read

Michael D. Clemenson

Nick G. Glumac

Uranium Dust Cloud Combustion: Burning Characteristics and Absorption Spectroscopy Measurements

<i>Gallus domesticus</i> is one of the world&#x2019;s most consumed animals, with a significant presence in all parts of the planet. Chicken oil appears to be a credible raw material in the context of alternative energy research. This study focuses on a literature review to highlight the chicken&#x2019;s energy potential and the application of energy recovery from local slaughterhouse-based <i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i> greasy residues and it is proposed to make biodiesel from the fatty residues of <i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>. The transesterification reaction takes place at 60&#xb0;C. Methanol is used in a 1&#x2009;:&#x2009;6 oil-to-alcohol mass ratio. Catalysis is carried out with 1&#x0025; (m/m) potassium hydroxide (KOH). The accepted reaction time under light agitation is 120 minutes. The reaction yield is estimated to be 85.6&#x0025;, and the biodiesel produced is characterized. The postcharacterization values are consistent with the EN14214 biodiesel standard. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry reveals the intrinsic composition of the acids derived from the developed biodiesel methyl esters. The latter reveals a predominance of oleic acids with a value of 29.47&#x0025; and palmitic acids with a value of 29.21&#x0025;. The viscosity of greasy residues appeared to be relatively high at 69.32&#x2009;mm/s. The low calorific value is 38775.363&#x2009;KJ/Kg and the cetane index is 50. It has been observed that, for 1000&#x2009;g of fat waste, it is possible to extract by cooking 507.807&#x2009;g of oil, or an extraction yield of 51&#x0025;. Fatty chicken residues from tropical market areas can be used as a raw material for biofuel development.

Zacharie Merlin Ayissi

Alain Fokoua Fongain

Leonel Tsafack Dongmo

Hossain Nazia

Rhiad Alloune

Innocent Ndoh Mbue

Ruben Mouangue

An Overview of Energy Recovery from Local Slaughterhouse-Based <i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i> Greasy Residues and Latest Applications

The release of gas-phase polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as one of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is an unfortunate result of combustion, especially from medical waste incinerators. This tends to make incinerators unpopular. The idea of a cheaply available air pollution control device fitted to incinerator chimneys can justify the continued use of incinerators. A gas filter unit, consisting of 3 filter beds with activated charcoal as an adsorbent, was designed, constructed, and fitted onto an existing incinerator at a university hospital in Ghana. Flue gas from the incinerator was sampled before and after the filter beds, using cylindrically-shaped mini-polyurethane foam (mini-PUF) samplers, and the analytes in the samples were then Soxhlet-extracted, purified, and analyzed for certain PCBs using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) technique. Twelve of the 14 indicators PCBs analyzed in the smoke samples were present, and 11 of them saw mean reductions ranging from 3.67&#x0025; to 54.9&#x0025; by the charcoal filter beds. These were PCB 18, PCB 28, PCB 31, PCB 44, PCB 101, PCB 118, PCB 138, PCB149, PCB 153, PCB 170, and PCB180. The gaseous concentrations of PCBs before filtration ranged from 0.0000788&#x2009;ng/m<sup>3</sup> for PCB 180 to 0.00129&#x2009;ng/m<sup>3</sup> for PCB 153. After the filtration by the charcoal adsorbent, they ranged from 0.00003734&#x2009;ng/m<sup>3</sup> for PCB 170 to 0.00112016&#x2009;ng/m<sup>3</sup> for PCB 153. The highest mean reduction of 54.9&#x0025; came from the homologue, PCB 180, whilst the homologue with a dioxin-like character (PCB 118) saw a 22.44&#x0025; reduction. This suggests that dioxins and other dioxin-like compounds are most likely adsorbed by the charcoal adsorbent. This gas filter unit should further be investigated for its effectiveness at removing other dioxin-like PCBs, dioxins, and furanes and for testing the effectiveness of thermophilic bacterial strains that can further metabolize these POPs into less harmful products.

Robert Ohene Adu

Samuel Fosu Gyasi

David Kofi Essumang

Effectiveness of Charcoal Adsorbent in Flue Gas Filters for PCB Reduction in Smoke from Hospital Incinerators

Gasoline engines remain a potential source of atmospheric pollution. Dual fuel combustion was under investigation to cope with exposure to pollutants. Investigations on emission parameters and engine performance for a single-cylinder four-stroke petrol engine are carried out using multicriteria decision-making method (MCDM). Bar charts are constructed for three emission parameters in function of engine temperature and fuel consumption for different blends. Fuels were supplied at different engine running speeds. Parameters recorded during the experimental study were the concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S), percentages of lower explosive limit (LEL), and combustion duration. The maximum concentration of CO was 339&#x2009;ppm at 70&#xb0;C and 4000&#x2009;rpm. The maximum concentration of H<sub>2</sub>S (3&#x2009;ppm), was recorded at 94&#xb0;C and 4000&#x2009;rpm. The maximum percentage of LEL recorded was 3&#x0025; at the majority of temperature and 4000&#x2009;rpm. Consumption of 25 Cl of (gasoline&#x2009;&#x2b;&#x2009;HHO) was recorded during the maximum time (50&#x2009;min). The experiment showed high emissions of CO that can provoke respiratory disorders and explosive gases, factors of explosion at high speeds (4000&#x2009;rpm), and low temperature (70&#xb0;C). H<sub>2</sub>S emissions are very low (0&#x2013;3&#x2009;ppm) independently of the engine speeds and temperature. Blending gasoline with HHO shows a reduction in fuel consumption.

Merlin Zacharie Ayissi

Ivan Aquigeh Newen

Dieudonné Bitondo

Effects of Gasoline and Hydrogen Blends on Exhaust Gas Emissions and Fuel Consumption from Gasoline Internal Combustion Engines

Fire occurring in the chaparral behaves as a crown fire, a dual-layer fire that typically ignites in a dead surface fuel layer and transitions to an elevated live crown layer where it continues to spread. In chaparral fuels including chamise, a dominant species in southern California, flame transition to live crown fuels is associated with higher spread rates and greater fire intensity. Despite the relative importance of surface-to-crown transition and crown fire spread, most fire models represent chaparral fire as surface fire, therefore omitting key behavior processes driving this fire system. The purpose of this study was to characterize transition and spread behavior in chaparral fires modeled experimentally as crown fires. We examined heat release rate in the surface and crown fuel layers, time to transition, flame height, and rate of spread in wind-driven and nonwind-driven fires at two crown base heights. Our results showed that wind increased heat release rate, rate of spread, and flame height. A marked increase in heat release rate was observed in wind-driven fires, where adding wind produced an increase from 328&#x2009;kW to 526 for a crown base height of 0.6&#x2009;m and from 243&#x2009;kW to 503&#x2009;kW for a crown base height of 0.7&#x2009;m. Further, crown base height served to decrease heat release rate and rate of spread for wind-driven and nonwind-driven fires.

Jeanette Cobian-I&#xf1;iguez

Amir Hessam Aminfar

Shusmita Saha

Kyle Awayan

David R. Weise

Marko Princevac

The Transition and Spread of a Chaparral Crown Fire: Insights from Laboratory Scale Wind Tunnel Experiments

According to the geometry of compartments, quantities of smokes released during fire tend to accumulate at ceiling so as to form a cloud of hot gases. Heat transfer between these hot gases and walls is decisive for the development of fire. An increase in temperature of these gases could lead to dangerous phenomena such as flashovers and backdrafts. Owing to experiments and numerical simulation, the objective of the present paper is to investigate on the influence of natural ventilation on convective heat transfer between hot gases and walls of a room in fire. So, varying the ventilation level, it was firstly about to carry out fire tests in an experimental room. Secondly, study was focused on the numerical simulation of these tests so as to estimate velocity field of burnt gases near walls during fire. Validation of numerical results has been done by confronting simulated results to experimental results. A full-scale extrapolation of results enabled revealing that while the ventilation level in the room changes, the amplitude of convective heat transfer changes according to the regime of fire. It was shown that for the fuel-controlled fire, the convective heat transfer coefficient strongly increases with the ventilation factor, and for the ventilation-controlled fire, convective heat transfer coefficient weakly decreases with the ventilation factor and remains nevertheless close to value <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40.225pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" id="M1" height="11.7978pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 40.225 11.7978"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,2.179,0)"><path id="g113-57" d="M249 635C141 635 70 555 70 471C70 401 114 353 179 316C143 294 106 267 90 252C68 231 45 202 45 157C45 50 130 -12 237 -12C322 -12 435 52 435 169C435 256 372 304 303 343C349 374 375 398 383 407C401 429 411 458 411 487C411 569 344 635 249 635ZM238 603C285 603 337 567 337 482C337 422 310 385 276 358C205 393 145 426 145 500C145 552 179 603 238 603ZM248 20C183 20 125 70 125 163C125 218 158 268 206 300C284 261 355 217 355 143C355 66 308 20 248 20Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.419,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.383,0)"><path id="g113-56" d="M447 623H65C61 580 56 530 47 475H76C100 541 106 550 172 550H388C308 376 196 170 91 -1L98 -12L172 -2C268 204 360 408 455 611L447 623Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.625,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,23.866,0)"><path id="g113-88" d="M962 650H739L732 622L760 619C812 613 819 604 798 552C760 457 671 267 606 131H604L511 638H480L237 131H233L183 554C177 607 183 614 226 619L248 622L257 650H24L17 622C88 615 92 611 103 524L173 -11H203L450 491H453L543 -11H575L839 529C882 609 886 613 953 622L962 650Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.44,0)"><path id="g113-46" d="M170 255C170 288 146 313 114 313S58 288 58 255C58 221 82 198 114 198S170 221 170 255Z"/></g></svg><span class="ibiop"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="26.654pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" height="11.7978pt" version="1.1" viewBox="45.2601838 -11.5914 26.654 11.7978"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.31,0)"><path id="g113-110" d="M766 88L752 113C719 83 690 64 681 64C674 64 672 74 679 103L724 292C758 436 724 448 701 448C680 448 666 442 639 429C594 407 514 350 441 252H439L447 289C476 423 450 448 419 448C398 448 379 441 355 427C307 400 234 344 162 249H160L180 324C203 409 197 448 170 448C144 448 82 413 23 349L35 321C57 343 96 374 108 374C115 374 117 371 111 341C87 227 57 112 24 -6L32 -12C53 -4 81 4 108 6C119 68 134 128 149 171C177 229 309 383 364 383C387 383 388 355 373 282C354 190 330 92 303 -6L309 -12C332 -4 356 3 386 6C396 63 411 122 424 171C458 236 590 383 642 383C658 383 664 369 652 315L603 91C587 20 593 -12 619 -12C642 -12 708 23 766 88Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,55.567,-5.741)"><path id="g54-33" d="M556 236V289H56V236H556Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,61.127,-5.741)"><path id="g50-51" d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-46"/></g></svg><span class="ibiop"></span><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20.659pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" height="11.7978pt" version="1.1" viewBox="74.8191838 -11.5914 20.659 11.7978"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,74.869,0)"><path id="g113-76" d="M743 650H503L496 622L527 618C563 613 564 603 532 573C449 495 371 431 323 392C301 374 272 355 246 346L280 522C297 609 300 614 379 622L385 650H135L129 622C209 614 215 609 198 522L124 133C106 39 99 35 23 28L17 0H271L277 28C193 35 192 39 208 133L239 316C264 328 280 325 303 288C368 183 435 90 502 0H652L659 28C602 34 584 43 543 94C495 154 403 283 347 369L574 554C634 603 659 612 735 624L743 650Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,84.686,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g54-33"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,90.246,-5.741)"><path id="g50-50" d="M389 0V32C297 38 291 46 291 118V635C234 613 175 595 109 583V556L161 554C203 552 207 547 207 497V118C207 46 201 38 110 32V0H389Z"/></g></svg>.</span></span> 

Philippe Onguene Mvogo

Olivier Zatao Samedi

Patrice Changement

Justin T&#xe9;gawend&#xe9; Zaida

Wolfgang Nzie

Henri Ekobena Fouda

Investigative Study on Convective Heat Transfer inside Compartment during Fire Situation

The equivalence ratio ranges were found between 22.77 and 42.93 for the Saudi LPG/air mixture using a traditional Bunsen burner. An operation problem was found with a traditional Bunsen burner for the Saudi LPG/air mixture, especially in a lean mixture. Therefore, a Bunsen burner was successfully modified to overcome the limits of operation with different mixtures of Saudi LPG/air and a stable flame was obtained. The equivalence ratio ranges were found between 0.68 and 1.30 using the modified Bunsen burner. A premixed flame was used for the modified Bunsen burner. A MATLAB algorithm was successfully applied to flame image processing and measurement of laminar burning velocity. The laminar burning velocity was determined to be approximately 35&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.91&#x2009;cm/s under stoichiometric conditions using the modified Bunsen burner for the Saudi LPG/air mixture. The half-cone angle of the flame was found to be 16.20&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.76&#xb0;. The minimum flame height was observed to be 21.50&#x2009;&#xb1;&#x2009;0.22&#x2009;mm above the Bunsen burner exit.

Bader A Alfarraj

Ahmed A. Al-Harbi

Saud A. Binjuwair

Abdullah Alkhedhair

The Characterization of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Using a Modified Bunsen Burner

Lean premixed (LPM) combustion processes are of increased interest to the gas turbine industry due to their reduction in harmful emissions. These processes are susceptible to thermoacoustic instabilities, which are produced when energy added by an in-phase relationship between unsteady heat release and acoustic pressure is greater than energy dissipated by loss mechanisms. To better study these instabilities, quantitative experimental resolution of heat release is necessary, but it presents a significant challenge. Most combustion systems are partially premixed and therefore will have spatially varying equivalence ratios, resulting in spatially variant heat release rates. For laminar premixed flames, optical diagnostics, such as OH chemiluminescence, are proportionally related to heat release. This is not true for turbulent and partially premixed flames, which are common in commercial combustors. Turbulent eddies effect the strain on flame sheets which alter light emission, such that there is no longer a proportional relationship. In this study, phased, averaged, and spatially varying heat release measurements are performed during a self-excited thermoacoustic instability without and with porous inert media (PIM). Previous studies have shown that PIM can passively mitigate thermoacoustic instabilities, and to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first-time that heat release rates have been quantified for investigating the mechanisms responsible for mitigating instabilities using PIM. Heat release is determined from high-speed PIV and Abel inverted chemiluminescence emission. OH<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04990005pt" id="M1" height="10.1524pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -10.1025 6.17869 10.1524" width="6.17869pt"><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,0,-5.741)"><path id="g50-43" d="M486 158C486 177 478 202 466 220C413 228 386 236 336 262C386 288 413 297 466 304C478 323 486 347 485 366C470 376 444 381 422 380C389 338 368 319 321 288C323 345 329 372 349 422C339 442 322 461 305 470C289 461 271 442 262 422C281 372 287 345 290 288C243 319 222 338 189 380C167 381 142 376 125 366C125 347 133 322 145 304C198 296 225 288 275 262C225 236 198 227 145 220C133 201 125 177 126 158C141 148 167 143 189 144C222 186 243 205 290 236C288 179 282 152 262 102C272 82 289 63 306 54C322 63 340 82 350 102C330 152 324 179 321 236C368 205 390 186 422 144C444 143 470 148 486 158Z"/></g></svg> chemiluminescence is used with a correction factor, computed from a chemical kinetics solver, to calculate heat release. The results and discussion show that along with significant acoustic damping, PIM eliminates the direct path in which heat release regions can be influenced by incoming perturbations, through disruption of the higher energy containing flow structures and improved mixing.

Cody Dowd

Joseph Meadows

Dynamics of Thermoacoustic Oscillations in Swirl Stabilized Combustor without and with Porous Inert Media

About this journal

<p><em>Journal of Combustion </em>publishes research focusing on on all aspects of combustion science, both practical and theoretical. This includes, fuels, dentonators, flames and fires, energy transfer, physical phenomena and combustion chemistry.</p>


Journal profile

Meet the editorial board

<p><em>Journal of Combustion </em>maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.</p>


Editor spotlight

Submit your proposal

Do you think there is an emerging area of research that really needs to be highlighted? Or an existing research area that has been overlooked or would benefit from deeper investigation? Raise the profile of a research area by leading a Special Issue.

Special Issues

Author guidelines

Editorial board

Databases and indexing

Journal of Combustion - Table of contents 2022

title

Journal of Combustion publishes research focusing on on all aspects of combustion science, both practical and theoretical. This includes, fuels, dentonators, flames and fires, energy transfer, physical phenomena and combustion chemistry.

Journal of Combustion