The Relationship between Military Combat and Cardiovascular Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 2

Relative outcomes investigated for included studies and their direction of findings.

	Year	Cardiovascular mortality	CHD-mortality	CHD/MI	Stroke	Abdominal aortic aneurysms	Carotid Intimal thickness	Diabetes mellitus	HTN	Metabolic syndrome	Increased lipid profile
Combat + Traumatic injury
Hrubec and Ryder [9]	1980	↑	↑	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Labouret et al. [35]	1983	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	↑	-	-
Rose et al. [36]	1987	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	↑	-	↔
Vollmar et al. [34]	1989	-	-	-	-	↑	-	↔	↔	-	↔
Yekutiel et al. [26]	1989	-	-	↑	-	-	-	↑	↔	-	-
Lorenz et al. [25]	1994	-	-	↔	↔	↔	-	↔	↔	-	↔
Peles et al. [43]	1995	-	-	-	-	-	-	↑	↔	-	↔
Modan et al. [19]	1998	↑		↔	↔	-	-	↔	↔	-	↔
Kunnas et al. [24]	2011	-	↑	-	-	-	-	↔	-	-	↔
Shariar et al. [37]	2009	-	-	-	-	-	-	↑	↑	-	↑
Stewart et al. [27]	2015	-	–	↑	-	-	-	↑	↑	-	-
Ejtahed et al. [46]	2017	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	↑	↑	↑
Combat only
Bullman et al. [20]	1990	↓	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
O’Toole et al. [40]	1996	-	-	-	-	-	-	↑	↑	-	↑
MacFarlane et al. [21]	2000	↔	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Eisen et al. [42]	2005	-	-	-	-	-	-	↔	↔	-	-
Granado et al. [41]	2009	-	-						↑	-	-
Kang et al. [28]	2009	-	-	↑	↑	-	-	↔	↑	-	-
Johnson et al. [33]	2010	-	-	-	-	-	↑			-	-
Johnson et al. [44]	2010	-	-	↔	↔	-	-	↑	↔	-	↔
Crum-Cianflone et al. [30]	2014	-	-	↑	-	-	-	↓	↓	-	-
Schlenger et al. [22]	2015	↔	↔	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Barth et al. [23]	2016	↔	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Sheffler et al. [32]	2016	-	-	↔	↔	-	-	↓	↔	-	-
Thomas et al. [31]	2017	-	-	↔	↑	-	-	↔	↔	-	↔
Hinojosa [29]	2018	-	-	↑	↑	-	-	-	↑	-	-

CHD, coronary heart disease; MI, myocardial infarction; HTN, hypertension; Number refer to study findings in terms of direction of effect in relation to combat/injury versus control population: ↑, significantly increased/positive; ↔, no significant difference; ↓ lower risk; - unreported.