Childhood Obesity Associates Haemodynamic and Vascular Changes That Result in Increased Central Aortic Pressure with Augmented Incident and Reflected Wave Components, without Changes in Peripheral Amplification
Table 3
Vascular parameters for normal weight () and obese () children and adolescents without sedentarism, dyslipidemia, and hypertension.
MV ± SD
MV ± SD
Tonometry at radial artery (SphygmoCor)
Heart rate (bpm)
80 ± 11
79 ± 11
0.119
Peripheral SBP (mmHg)
101 ± 9
111 ± 9
0.001
Peripheral MBP (mmHg)
72 ± 9
79 ± 10
0.022
Peripheral DBP (mmHg)
58 ± 8
60 ± 8
0.445
Peripheral PP (mmHg)
43 ± 12
51 ± 7
0.011
Central SBP (mmHg)
86 ± 8
95 ± 9
0.003
Central DBP (mmHg)
59 ± 8
61 ± 8
0.431
Central PP (mmHg)
27 ± 10
34 ± 8
0.026
Augmented pressure (mmHg)
0.69 ± 2.99
−0.24 ± 3.38
0.351
Augmentation index (%)
3.73 ± 10.24
0.76 ± 8.70
0.331
PWV (m/s)
4.34 ± 0.69
4.68 ± 0.95
0.178
Brachial SBP/aortic SBP
1.17 ± 0.05
1.18 ± 0.06
0.860
Oscillometry at brachial artery (Mobil-O-Graph)
Heart rate (bpm)
79 ± 10
74 ± 12
0.168
Peripheral SBP (mmHg)
104 ± 6
114 ± 9
0.000
Peripheral MBP (mmHg)
80 ± 5
86 ± 6
0.002
Peripheral DBP (mmHg)
60 ± 6
61 ± 5
0.550
Peripheral PP (mmHg)
44 ± 8
53 ± 5
0.001
Central SBP (mmHg)
92 ± 7
101 ± 11
0.001
Central DBP (mmHg)
62 ± 6
64 ± 5
0.386
Central PP (mmHg)
30 ± 8
37 ± 9
0.005
Augmented pressure (mmHg)
5.20 ± 2.87
6.07 ± 2.53
0.321
Augmentation index (%)
16.38 ± 7.46
16.06 ± 6.68
0.888
PWV (m/s)
4.25 ± 0.23
4.64 ± 0.36
0.000
Brachial SBP/aortic SBP
1.13 ± 0.05
1.14 ± 0.06
0.952
Reflection coefficient (%)
57.8 ± 9.5
60.0 ± 9.6
0.471
PVR (mmHg/mL⋅min)
1.08 ± 0.12
1.08 ± 0.15
0.966
Cardiac output (L/min)
4.6 ± 0.5
4.9 ± 0.7
0.084
Cardiac index (L/min/m2)
4.2 ± 0.6
3.6 ± 0.9
0.018
Forward pulse wave amplitude (Pf mmHg)
12 ± 4
15 ± 4
0.014
Backward pulse wave amplitude (Pb mmHg)
20 ± 4
25 ± 5
0.003
Pb/Pf ratio
0.58 ± 0.10
0.60 ± 0.10
0.608
Stroke volume (mL)
60.1 ± 12.9
69.1 ± 13.9
0.043
MV: mean value; SD: standard deviation; and : normal weight and obese children and adolescents without sedentarism, dyslipidemia, and hypertension; SBP, DBP, MBP, and PP: systolic, diastolic, mean, and pulse blood pressure; PWV: pulse wave velocity; PVR: peripheral vascular resistances.
