In order to reduce current leakage and improve electron transfer in solar cells, charge transport layers (CTL), mainly hybrid electron transport layers (<i>h</i>-ETL), are considered as a solution. In this research contribution, computational analysis using SCAPS-1D software is performed to explore the output photovoltaic parameters of a Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>-based solar cell with <i>h</i>-ETL. No theoretical works on this configuration have been previously reported. The main objectives of the present work are to propose a <i>h</i>-ETL with good band alignment with the Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> absorber, high transparency, and Cd free; to mitigate the instability and cost issues associated with using Spiro-OMeTAD HTL; and to optimize the solar cell. Thus, we calibrated the <span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-1.928801pt" id="M1" height="10.5647pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 5.99765 10.5647" width="5.99765pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-75" d="M429 650H175L169 622C251 614 259 612 244 532L174 152C163 91 152 37 135 -6C109 -72 67 -101 23 -113L33 -144C45 -143 73 -134 102 -119C186 -76 229 -1 254 133L327 532C341 609 347 613 423 622L429 650Z"/></g></svg>-</span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2064009pt" id="M2" height="8.8423pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 9.35121 8.8423" width="9.35121pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-87" d="M697 650H468L461 623L492 619C539 613 547 605 518 546C481 471 367 264 278 116H276C239 278 197 500 186 567C180 604 185 613 226 619L252 623L260 650H24L17 623C78 617 92 613 108 533L216 -11H247C365 200 515 462 560 529C616 612 624 615 689 623L697 650Z"/></g></svg> characteristics and electrical parameters of the FTO/(ZnO/TiO<sub>2</sub>)/Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au solar cell by numerical simulation and compared them with those of the experiment. Subsequently, our simulations show that to replace the TiO<sub>2</sub> ETL used in the experiment and to form the <i>h</i>-ETL with ZnO, IGZO is found to be a good candidate. It has better band alignment with the Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> absorber than TiO<sub>2</sub> ETL, which reduces the trap states at the ETL/Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> interface; it has high transparency due to its wide bandgap; and an intense electric field is generated at the IGZO/Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> interface, which reduces the recombination phenomenon at this interface. MoO<sub>3</sub>, MASnBr<sub>3</sub>, Cu<sub>2</sub>O, CuI, and CuSCN HTL were also tested to replace the Spiro-OMeTAD HTL. Simulation results show that the cell with MoO<sub>3</sub> HTL achieves higher performance due to its high hole mobility and high quantum efficiency in the visible region; it also allows the solar cell to have better thermal stability (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="27.887pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M3" height="9.10327pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 27.887 9.10327"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g190-85" d="M592 498C586 556 582 629 581 675H560C545 656 537 650 510 650H115C87 650 74 652 60 675H40C38 620 33 555 28 495H57C69 539 77 568 89 585C102 607 122 616 205 616H267V123C267 44 259 34 168 28V0H454V28C360 34 352 44 352 123V616H422C498 616 514 608 531 584C542 568 552 543 562 495L592 498Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.917,0)"><path id="g190-68" d="M614 175C564 76 510 21 408 21C256 21 146 149 146 336C146 488 235 629 402 629C510 629 570 586 597 480L626 488C620 541 614 582 606 638C578 643 510 665 429 665C206 665 44 527 44 316C44 157 153 -15 402 -15C474 -15 558 5 586 11C604 45 629 119 643 165L614 175Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.256,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="29.553pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" height="9.10327pt" version="1.1" viewBox="31.4691838 -8.75334 29.553 9.10327"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.519,0)"><path id="g117-33" d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.15,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.39,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.354,0)"><path id="g113-52" d="M285 378C315 398 338 416 353 432C373 451 384 474 384 503C384 579 325 635 236 635H235C182 635 136 610 108 579L65 516L85 496C110 533 150 575 205 575C258 575 300 543 300 481C300 407 232 369 141 339L147 310C163 315 188 321 211 321C268 321 338 284 338 192C338 94 288 40 217 40C160 40 119 68 93 91C85 98 77 97 69 91C60 84 47 71 46 58C44 46 48 35 62 22C75 10 116 -12 162 -12C234 -12 424 62 424 224C424 297 373 359 285 376V378Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.594,0)"><path id="g113-51" d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"/></g></svg></span>%/K) than the cell with Spiro-OMeTAD HTL (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="27.887pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M4" height="9.10327pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 27.887 9.10327"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-85"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.917,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-68"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.256,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="29.553pt" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" height="9.10327pt" version="1.1" viewBox="31.4691838 -8.75334 29.553 9.10327"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.519,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-33"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.15,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.39,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.354,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.594,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-52"/></g></svg></span>%/K). The parameters that could improve the solar cell efficiency (<span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" id="M5" height="9.39034pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 6.54569 9.39034" width="6.54569pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-229" d="M471 401C471 442 455 448 440 448C421 448 389 439 366 424C314 390 233 331 165 242H163L187 345C193 372 197 393 197 409C197 435 189 448 174 448C146 448 80 408 23 349L40 327C64 351 97 373 107 373C115 373 118 366 111 337L29 -4L36 -12C56 -4 83 3 110 9C123 69 136 126 150 172C227 283 336 381 377 381C392 381 396 370 379 298L326 74C290 -77 273 -172 273 -197C273 -219 316 -261 346 -261L353 -246C348 -227 352 -174 374 -66L457 310C467 352 471 381 471 401Z"/></g></svg>)</span> obtained after these substitutions were also optimized. In particular, the parameters of the Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> absorber layer (thickness, defect density, and doping), ETL and HTL layer thicknesses, <i>h</i>-ETL/Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> interface defect density, and series and shunt resistances have been optimized. Finally, by combining high performance and thermal stability, the results show that the thermal stability of the solar cell depends on the back contact type; thus, nickel (Ni) was found to combine high performance and better thermal stability among the back contacts investigated. After these improvements, the efficiency of the Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>-based solar cell increased from 5.08% (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="27.196pt" style="vertical-align:-3.309401pt" id="M6" height="11.9453pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 27.196 11.9453"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-75"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5.031,3.132)"><path id="g190-84" d="M409 504C401 567 396 607 392 642C354 654 312 665 266 665C137 665 60 583 60 487C60 374 161 325 225 290C300 250 355 215 355 141C355 68 311 21 235 21C131 21 86 122 71 183L41 176C48 128 61 42 68 21C78 16 93 8 118 0C142 -7 175 -15 216 -15C349 -15 438 69 438 174C438 287 344 333 265 374C186 414 138 449 138 522C138 576 172 631 249 631C336 631 363 562 380 499L409 504Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.344,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-68"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.565,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28.175pt" style="vertical-align:-3.309401pt" height="11.9453pt" version="1.1" viewBox="30.7781838 -8.6359 28.175 11.9453"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.828,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.068,0)"><path id="g113-55" d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.308,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,46.272,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.512,0)"><path id="g113-58" d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z"/></g></svg></span> mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="32.155pt" style="vertical-align:-3.309401pt" id="M7" height="11.9453pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 32.155 11.9453"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-87"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.332,3.132)"><path id="g190-80" d="M381 665C170 665 44 498 44 318C44 125 188 -15 369 -15C552 -15 703 117 703 333C703 534 550 665 381 665ZM359 629C491 629 601 517 601 306C601 114 502 21 390 21C249 21 146 158 146 346S248 629 359 629Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.294,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-68"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.524,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21.921pt" style="vertical-align:-3.309401pt" height="11.9453pt" version="1.1" viewBox="35.7371838 -8.6359 21.921 11.9453"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.787,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.027,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.991,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.231,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-55"/></g></svg></span> V, and <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25.068pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" id="M8" height="8.73137pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.52498 25.068 8.73137"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g190-71" d="M493 503C489 551 484 614 483 650H43V622C120 616 128 611 128 525V126C128 40 120 34 40 28V0H312V28C221 34 213 40 213 126V307H316C407 307 412 296 424 227H453V420H424C412 355 407 346 316 346H213V584C213 613 216 616 246 616H322C398 616 419 607 436 579C449 559 455 539 464 499L493 503Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.877,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-71"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.437,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28.157pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" height="8.73137pt" version="1.1" viewBox="28.6501838 -8.52498 28.157 8.73137"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.7,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.941,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.181,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.145,0)"><path id="g113-53" d="M456 178V225H360V632H320C217 496 115 347 20 206V178H280V106C280 40 276 34 189 27V0H445V27C364 34 360 39 360 106V178H456ZM280 225H82C149 335 214 431 278 520H280V225Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.385,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g></svg></span>%) to 15.43% (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="27.196pt" style="vertical-align:-3.309401pt" id="M9" height="11.9453pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 27.196 11.9453"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-75"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5.031,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-84"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.344,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-68"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.565,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28.175pt" style="vertical-align:-3.309401pt" height="11.9453pt" version="1.1" viewBox="30.7781838 -8.6359 28.175 11.9453"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.828,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.068,0)"><path id="g113-57" d="M249 635C141 635 70 555 70 471C70 401 114 353 179 316C143 294 106 267 90 252C68 231 45 202 45 157C45 50 130 -12 237 -12C322 -12 435 52 435 169C435 256 372 304 303 343C349 374 375 398 383 407C401 429 411 458 411 487C411 569 344 635 249 635ZM238 603C285 603 337 567 337 482C337 422 310 385 276 358C205 393 145 426 145 500C145 552 179 603 238 603ZM248 20C183 20 125 70 125 163C125 218 158 268 206 300C284 261 355 217 355 143C355 66 308 20 248 20Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.308,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,46.272,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.512,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g></svg></span> mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="32.155pt" style="vertical-align:-3.309401pt" id="M10" height="11.9453pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 32.155 11.9453"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-87"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.332,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-80"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.294,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-68"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,24.524,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21.921pt" style="vertical-align:-3.309401pt" height="11.9453pt" version="1.1" viewBox="35.7371838 -8.6359 21.921 11.9453"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.787,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.027,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.991,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.231,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g></svg></span> V, and <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25.068pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" id="M11" height="8.73137pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.52498 25.068 8.73137"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-71"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.877,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-71"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.437,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28.157pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" height="8.73137pt" version="1.1" viewBox="28.6501838 -8.52498 28.157 8.73137"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.7,0)"><path id="g113-56" d="M447 623H65C61 580 56 530 47 475H76C100 541 106 550 172 550H388C308 376 196 170 91 -1L98 -12L172 -2C268 204 360 408 455 611L447 623Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.942,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.183,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.147,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-56"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.389,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-55"/></g></svg></span>%). This study proposes an approach to optimize the Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> upper subcell for tandem solar cells.

Pierre Gérard Darel Kond Ngue

Ariel Teyou Ngoupo

Aimé Magloire Ntouga Abena

François Xavier Abomo Abega

Jean-Marie Bienvenu Ndjaka

Investigation of the Performance of a Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>-Based Solar Cell with a Hybrid Electron Transport Layer (h-ETL): A Simulation Approach Using SCAPS-1D Software

In this study, a heterojunction (P<sup>+</sup> a-SiC/i intrinsic/n-Si) solar cell has been examined and characterized using the Analysis of Microelectronics and Photonic Structures (AMPS-1D) simulator. In this heterojunction solar cell, an intrinsic layer is imposed to enhance the efficiency and performance. The optimum efficiency of 36.52% (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="31.462pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" id="M1" height="8.73137pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.52498 31.462 8.73137"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g190-87" d="M687 650H462V622C543 612 549 605 530 547C498 447 422 252 372 126H370C302 298 229 492 204 563C188 607 191 615 262 622V650H17V622C77 616 93 608 122 534C180 389 262 172 329 -11H360C436 196 541 450 568 516C606 605 619 614 687 622V650Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.873,0)"><path id="g190-112" d="M257 449C165 449 37 374 37 209C37 98 119 -12 256 -12C355 -12 473 65 473 226C473 349 381 449 257 449ZM244 416C333 416 380 320 380 204C380 67 329 21 267 21C184 21 130 115 130 241C130 354 184 416 244 416Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.621,0)"><path id="g190-100" d="M390 111C344 68 312 56 269 56C212 56 118 102 118 241C118 346 175 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337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z"/></g></svg></span> mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, and <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25.068pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" id="M3" height="8.73137pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.52498 25.068 8.73137"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g190-71" d="M493 503C489 551 484 614 483 650H43V622C120 616 128 611 128 525V126C128 40 120 34 40 28V0H312V28C221 34 213 40 213 126V307H316C407 307 412 296 424 227H453V420H424C412 355 407 346 316 346H213V584C213 613 216 616 246 616H322C398 616 419 607 436 579C449 559 455 539 464 499L493 503Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.877,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-71"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.437,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28.157pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" height="8.73137pt" version="1.1" viewBox="28.6501838 -8.52498 28.157 8.73137"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.7,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.94,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,37.904,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-56"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.146,0)"><path id="g113-57" d="M249 635C141 635 70 555 70 471C70 401 114 353 179 316C143 294 106 267 90 252C68 231 45 202 45 157C45 50 130 -12 237 -12C322 -12 435 52 435 169C435 256 372 304 303 343C349 374 375 398 383 407C401 429 411 458 411 487C411 569 344 635 249 635ZM238 603C285 603 337 567 337 482C337 422 310 385 276 358C205 393 145 426 145 500C145 552 179 603 238 603ZM248 20C183 20 125 70 125 163C125 218 158 268 206 300C284 261 355 217 355 143C355 66 308 20 248 20Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.386,0)"><path id="g113-58" d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z"/></g></svg>)</span></span> has been achieved with this intrinsic layer. It has also been observed the solar cell without intrinsic layer. In this case, the maximum efficiency of 2.378% has been observed which is very poor. The heterojunction solar cell also has been investigated with electron blocking layer (EBL) and defect layer. In this case, the simulation result shows the lower efficiency (34.357%) than the previous. This research paper introduces an optimized model of a heterojunction solar cell enhanced with an intrinsic layer to improve efficiency. The proposed design shows significant promise in its theoretical framework. Looking forward, the design could be realized in laboratory settings and has the potential to be scaled up for broader applications.

Md. Feroz Ali

Md. Faruk Hossain

Md. Alamgir Hossain

Maximizing Conversion Efficiency: A Numerical Analysis on P<sup>+</sup> a-SiC/i Interface/n-Si Heterojunction Solar Cells with AMPS-1D

Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-BaTiO<sub>3</sub> heterojunction with high photocatalysis efficiency was directly synthesized by rapid thermal processing (RTP). Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and BaTiO<sub>3</sub> were mixed in ratio and treated by RTP and conventional thermal processing (CTP), respectively. RTP samples have obvious Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> diffraction peaks, while CTP samples show pure BaTiO<sub>3</sub> tetragonal perovskite. More small particles and layered existed in RTP samples. Photodegradation of MB solutions shows that RTP can promote photocatalytic efficiency. Its main lies in the following points: RTP can remove grain boundary defects by strengthening the bond grains; RTP can limit the solution region of the two substances to a certain range to get the best built-in electric field width; and RTP can strengthen the tetragonal BaTiO<sub>3</sub> phase to hasten ion movement. Therefore, RTP can achieve much higher photocatalytic efficiency by improving the build heterojunction. This work provides a direct and efficient route to get improvement and high performance of heterojunction.

Lina Bing

Wei Wu

Zhenjiang Shen

Rapid Thermal Processing and Improved Photocatalysis of Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-BaTiO<sub>3</sub> Heterojunction

An evolutionary algorithm was employed to locate the global minimum of <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" id="M1" height="12.5794pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 40.3374 12.5794" width="40.3374pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-41" d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 -170L300 -147Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"><path id="g190-85" d="M592 498C586 556 582 629 581 675H560C545 656 537 650 510 650H115C87 650 74 652 60 675H40C38 620 33 555 28 495H57C69 539 77 568 89 585C102 607 122 616 205 616H267V123C267 44 259 34 168 28V0H454V28C360 34 352 44 352 123V616H422C498 616 514 608 531 584C542 568 552 543 562 495L592 498Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.31,0)"><path id="g190-106" d="M135 536C164 536 186 560 186 587C186 617 164 639 136 639C109 639 85 617 85 587C85 560 109 536 135 536ZM252 0V26C188 32 181 38 181 106V451C138 433 90 420 39 412V388C99 379 102 374 102 312V106C102 38 95 32 32 26V0H252Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.837,0)"><path id="g190-80" d="M381 665C170 665 44 498 44 318C44 125 188 -15 369 -15C552 -15 703 117 703 333C703 534 550 665 381 665ZM359 629C491 629 601 517 601 306C601 114 502 21 390 21C249 21 146 158 146 346S248 629 359 629Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,25.585,3.132)"><path id="g50-51" d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.531,0)"><path id="g113-42" d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,35.029,3.132)"><path id="g50-111" d="M504 89L488 119C453 85 428 69 416 69C408 69 405 75 412 102L462 304C492 438 460 451 436 451S388 441 356 423C311 397 229 336 170 256H168L189 340C208 418 200 451 177 451C144 451 82 413 24 352L40 322C65 345 98 369 108 369C114 369 119 363 112 335L28 -3L36 -12C54 -3 83 4 112 10C125 73 138 122 153 174C205 258 328 382 376 382C395 382 399 369 384 305L330 93C312 25 323 -12 351 -12C378 -12 439 21 504 89Z"/></g></svg> nanoparticles with <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17.789pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" id="M2" height="8.55521pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 17.789 8.55521"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-111" d="M495 86L479 114C446 82 419 66 409 66C401 66 401 72 406 97C420 166 436 231 453 297C489 435 454 448 428 448C406 448 384 439 354 422C305 394 222 327 161 247H159L183 345C200 415 194 448 173 448C143 448 82 410 23 351L38 325C64 349 95 371 105 371C111 371 116 365 109 336L25 -4L31 -12C50 -4 77 3 107 9C119 69 132 122 145 168C197 254 321 381 370 381C387 381 393 374 378 305L329 95C309 17 320 -12 345 -12C372 -12 430 19 495 86Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.158,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"></span><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25.728pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" height="8.55521pt" version="1.1" viewBox="21.3711838 -8.34882 25.728 8.55521"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.421,0)"><path id="g113-51" d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.661,0)"><path id="g190-178" d="M469 201V252H50V201H469Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.446,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,40.686,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g></svg>.</span></span> More than 61,000 structures were calculated with a semiempirical method and reoptimized using density functional theory. The exciton binding energy of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles was determined through the fundamental and optical band gap. Frenkel exciton energy scales as <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="50.365pt" style="vertical-align:-3.181499pt" id="M3" height="14.7729pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 50.365 14.7729"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-70" d="M593 650H142L136 622C219 616 224 611 209 531L130 120C114 39 108 34 23 28L17 0H501C518 32 557 130 568 158L540 169C519 132 495 93 469 70C439 43 409 35 332 35C272 35 241 37 225 50C211 61 211 89 222 149L253 320H350C441 320 443 312 441 239H471L510 434H481C455 366 448 358 360 358H260L303 572C311 613 312 615 348 615H431C509 615 522 603 532 581C544 555 546 531 545 491L574 493C583 555 592 631 593 650Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.943,3.132)"><path id="g190-67" d="M372 352C427 368 507 407 507 502C507 548 486 592 451 616C420 638 376 650 301 650H44V622C124 616 128 610 128 527V123C128 40 122 34 36 28V0H257C336 0 402 12 453 40C512 72 548 124 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326 143 337 185 337C296 337 350 275 350 188C350 116 308 42 225 42C164 42 122 74 100 93C90 101 82 99 72 92C60 82 51 68 50 59C48 46 52 38 66 24C82 9 125 -12 172 -12C225 -11 292 15 346 59C408 108 437 166 437 226C437 309 371 397 242 397C214 397 170 382 133 369L158 548Z"/></g></svg>,</span></span> resulting in strongly bound excitons of 0.132–1.2 eV for about 1.4 nm nanoparticles. Although the exciton energy decreases with the system size, these tightly bound Frenkel excitons inhibit the separation of photogenerated charge carriers, making their application in photocatalysis and photovoltaic devices difficult, and imposing a minimum particle size. In contrast, the exciton binding energy of rutile is 4 meV, where the Wannier exciton energy scales as <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="50.365pt" style="vertical-align:-3.429399pt" id="M4" height="15.0208pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 50.365 15.0208"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-70"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.943,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-67"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.987,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-41"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.485,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-102"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.41,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-87"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.604,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-42"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.734,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="42.672pt" style="vertical-align:-3.429399pt" height="15.0208pt" version="1.1" viewBox="53.9471838 -11.5914 42.672 15.0208"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,53.997,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,60.237,0)"><path id="g113-52" d="M285 378C315 398 338 416 353 432C373 451 384 474 384 503C384 579 325 635 236 635H235C182 635 136 610 108 579L65 516L85 496C110 533 150 575 205 575C258 575 300 543 300 481C300 407 232 369 141 339L147 310C163 315 188 321 211 321C268 321 338 284 338 192C338 94 288 40 217 40C160 40 119 68 93 91C85 98 77 97 69 91C60 84 47 71 46 58C44 46 48 35 62 22C75 10 116 -12 162 -12C234 -12 424 62 424 224C424 297 373 359 285 376V378Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,66.477,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,69.441,0)"><path id="g113-55" d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.681,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84.096,0)"><path id="g113-234" d="M538 96L524 119C492 88 454 63 446 63C439 63 434 70 440 101C463 223 491 341 518 448H508L433 422L401 276C355 192 240 56 188 56C163 56 154 89 163 133C184 233 207 338 235 443L230 448L152 424L58 17C40 -60 23 -143 23 -185C23 -241 42 -261 63 -261C92 -261 117 -241 125 -227L124 -221C109 -209 89 -165 89 -103C89 -55 96 -13 105 26H107C121 -3 134 -12 151 -12C172 -12 194 -5 221 16C279 61 330 124 384 194H386C381 159 377 141 368 105C343 3 363 -12 383 -12C416 -12 486 35 538 96Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,91.313,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-48"/></g></svg><span class="isep"/><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="10.633pt" style="vertical-align:-3.429399pt" height="15.0208pt" version="1.1" viewBox="96.62418380000001 -11.5914 10.633 15.0208"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,96.674,0)"><path id="g113-247" d="M387 375C387 402 357 448 257 448C172 448 82 404 82 326C82 289 108 255 156 241V239C85 223 23 181 23 116C23 39 89 -12 182 -12C265 -12 336 31 378 91L361 114C320 73 269 47 216 47C157 47 115 82 115 137C115 191 160 219 218 219C243 219 262 218 272 217L304 259L302 266C295 265 281 264 255 264C195 264 163 294 163 335C163 377 200 416 249 416C293 416 321 389 329 342C331 332 335 329 341 329C355 329 387 352 387 375Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,102.005,-5.741)"><use xlink:href="#g50-51"/></g></svg>.</span></span> Moreover, the Wannier excitons in bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> are delocalized according to the Bohr radii: 3.9 nm for anatase and 7.7 nm for rutile.

Oscar Olvera-Neria

Raúl García-Cruz

Julio Gonzalez-Torres

Luz María García-Cruz

Jean Luis Castillo-Sánchez

Enrique Poulain

Strongly Bound Frenkel Excitons on TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles: An Evolutionary and DFT Approach

Inorganic photocatalytic materials exhibiting a highly efficient response to ultraviolet-visible light spectrum have become a subject of widespread global interest. They offer a substantial prospect for generating green energy and mitigating water pollution. Zinc oxide (ZnO), among various semiconductors, proves advantageous for water-splitting applications due to its elevated reactivity, chemical stability, and nontoxic nature. However, its efficacy as a photocatalyst is hindered by limited light absorption capacity and swift charge carrier recombination. To improve charge separation and enhance responsiveness to ultraviolet-visible light photocatalysis, the formation of a heterojunction with another suitable semiconductor is beneficial. Thus, we employed hydrothermal route for the synthesis of the samples, which is a high-pressure method. The formations of ZnO/NiO heterostructures were revealed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The nanocomposites were discovered to have a substantially higher photocatalytic activity for the generation of H<sub>2</sub>. The H<sub>2</sub> production rates show that ZnO (i.e., 168.91 <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" id="M1" height="9.39034pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.34167 9.39034" width="7.34167pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-234" d="M538 96L524 119C492 88 454 63 446 63C439 63 434 70 440 101C463 223 491 341 518 448H508L433 422L401 276C355 192 240 56 188 56C163 56 154 89 163 133C184 233 207 338 235 443L230 448L152 424L58 17C40 -60 23 -143 23 -185C23 -241 42 -261 63 -261C92 -261 117 -241 125 -227L124 -221C109 -209 89 -165 89 -103C89 -55 96 -13 105 26H107C121 -3 134 -12 151 -12C172 -12 194 -5 221 16C279 61 330 124 384 194H386C381 159 377 141 368 105C343 3 363 -12 383 -12C416 -12 486 35 538 96Z"/></g></svg>molg<sup>-1</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>) exhibits good H<sub>2</sub> production rates as compared to NiO (i.e., 135.74 <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" id="M2" height="9.39034pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.34167 9.39034" width="7.34167pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-234"/></g></svg>molg<sup>-1</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>). The best production rates were observed for ZN-30 (i.e., 247.56 <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" id="M3" height="9.39034pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 7.34167 9.39034" width="7.34167pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-234"/></g></svg>molg<sup>-1</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>) which is 1.46 times greater than ZnO and 1.82 times greater than NiO. This enhanced photocatalytic activity for ZN-30 is because of the good electron-hole pair separation due to the formation of depletion layer, suppression of fast charge recombination, and overcoming resistance corrosion.

Muhammad Hashim

Muhammad Usman

Sohail Ahmad

Rasool Shah

Atizaz Ali

Naveed Ur Rahman

ZnO/NiO Nanocomposite with Enhanced Photocatalytic H<sub>2</sub> Production

In recent years, solar photovoltaic (PV) energy, as a clean energy source, has received widespread attention and experienced rapid growth worldwide. However, the rapid growth of PV power deployment also brings important challenges to the maintenance of PV panels, and in order to solve this problem, this paper proposes an innovative algorithm based on PA-YOLO. First, we propose to use PA-YOLO’s asymptotic feature pyramid network (AFPN) instead of YOLOv7’s backbone network to support direct interactions of nonadjacent layers and avoid large semantic gaps between nonadjacent layers. For the occlusion problem of dense targets in the dataset, we introduce a repulsive loss function, which successfully reduces the occurrence of false detection situations. Finally, we propose a customized convolutional block equipped with an EMA mechanism to enhance the perceptual and expressive capabilities of the model. Experimental results on the dataset show that our proposed model achieves excellent performance with an average accuracy (mAP) of 94.5%, which is 6.8% higher than YOLOv7. In addition, our algorithm also succeeds in drastically reducing the model size from 71.3 MB to 48.4 MB, which well demonstrates the effectiveness of the model.

Wang Yin

Zhao Jingyong

Xie Gang

Zhao Zhicheng

Hu Xiao

PA-YOLO-Based Multifault Defect Detection Algorithm for PV Panels

This paper proposes a diagnosis method based on time series and support vector machine (SVM) to improve the timeliness, accuracy, and feasibility of fault diagnosis for photovoltaic (PV) arrays. It obtains the nominal output power of the PV array based on real-time collected data such as voltage, current, radiation, and temperature and normalizes the power values at different time points throughout the day to form a time series. Using the time series values as input data for a “one-to-one” multiclass classifier, we can identify and classify typical operational faults such as random shading, fixed shading, and aging degradation of PV arrays. The developed algorithmic model is trained and tested for different fault conditions using the data sets generated by the PV array simulation device. The experimental results show that our model has fairly good reliability and accuracy, and to some extent, it solves the problem of classifying shading and aging faults, two of which exhibit rather similar degradation characteristics.

Ying Zhong

Bo Zhang

Xu Ji

Jieping Wu

Fault Diagnosis of PV Array Based on Time Series and Support Vector Machine

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<p><em>International Journal of Photoenergy</em> publishes original research and review articles focused on all areas of photoenergy, including photochemistry and solar energy utilization.</p>


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<p>Chief Editor, Giulia Grancini, is based at the University of Pavia, Italy. Her current research work aims at solving the stability and toxicity issues of developing multi-dimensional hybrid interfaces as lego-bricks for a new efficient, stable, and environmentally-friendly solar technology.</p>


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International Journal of Photoenergy publishes original research and review articles focused on all areas of photoenergy, including photochemistry and solar energy utilization.

International Journal of Photoenergy