We present optical phase conjugation based on the degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) arrangement in gelatin films doped with acid blue 3 dye (FAST GREEN FCF) using He-Ne laser of total power 50&#x02009;mW. Various parameters which influence the phase-conjugate (PC) signal during the DFWM process were studied (angle of between the forward pump and the probe beam, transition of gelatin film, reflectivity as a function of forward and backward beam). A maximum phase-conjugate beam reflectivity of about 0.02&#x00025; has been observed in these dye-doped gelatin films.
PACS: 42.65.-k, 42.65.Hw.

M. H. Majles Ara

S. Mehrabani

R. Malekfar

Phase Conjugation Using Four-Wave Mixing in Fast Green FCF Dye-Doped Gelatin Film

We overview our recent developments in the theory of dispersion-managed (DM) solitons within the context of optical applications. First, we present a class of localized solutions with a period multiple to that of the standard DM soliton in the nonlinear Schr&#246;dinger equation with periodic variations of the dispersion. In the framework of a reduced ordinary differential equation-based model, we discuss the key features of these structures, such as a smaller energy compared to traditional DM solitons with the same temporal width. Next, we present new results on dissipative DM solitons, which occur in the context of mode-locked
lasers. By means of numerical simulations and a reduced variational model of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation, we analyze the influence of the different dissipative processes that take place in a laser.

Brandon G. Bale

Sonia Boscolo

Osip Y. Schwartz

Sergei K. Turitsyn

Localized Waves in Optical Systems with Periodic Dispersion and Nonlinearity Management

The twin photons produced by a type-II spontaneous parametric down conversion are well know
as a potential source of photons for quantum teleportation due to the strong entanglement in polarization. This strong entanglement in polarization, however, depends on the spectral composition of the pump photon and the nature of optical isotropy of the crystal. By exact numerical calculation of the concurrence, we have shown that how pump photons spectral width and the birefringence nature of the crystal directly affect the degree of polarization entanglement of the twin photons.

Daniel Erenso

Pump Spectral Bandwidth, Birefringence, and Entanglement in Type-II Parametric Down Conversion

We present a unifying description of localized states observed in systems with coexistence of two spatially periodic states, called <i>bi</i>-pattern systems. Localized states are pinned over an underlying lattice that is either a self-organized pattern spontaneously generated by the system itself, or a periodic grid created by a spatial forcing. We show that localized states are generic and require only the coexistence of two spatially periodic states. Experimentally, these states have been observed in a nonlinear optical system. At the onset of the spatial bifurcation, a forced one-dimensional amplitude equation is derived for the critical modes, which accounts for the appearance of localized states. By numerical simulations, we show that localized structures persist on two-dimensional systems and exhibit different shapes depending on the symmetry of the supporting patterns.

U. Bortolozzo

M. G. Clerc

F. Haudin

R. G. Rojas

S. Residori

Localized States in Bi-Pattern Systems

Effects of size, morphology, and composition of gold and silver nanoparticles on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) are studied with the purpose of optimizing SERS substrates. Various gold and silver films made by evaporation and subsequent annealing give different morphologies and compositions of nanoparticles and thus different position of the SPR peak. SERS measurements of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid obtained from these films reveal that the proximity of the SPR peak to the exciting laser wavelength is not the only factor leading to the highest Raman enhancement. Silver nanoparticles evaporated on top of larger gold nanoparticles show higher SERS than gold-silver alloyed nanoparticles, in spite of the fact that the SPR peak of alloyed nanoparticles is narrower and closer to the excitation wavelength. The highest Raman enhancement was obtained for substrates with a two-peak particle size distribution for excitation wavelengths close to the SPR.

Y. Fleger

M. Rosenbluh

Surface Plasmons and Surface Enhanced Raman Spectra of Aggregated and Alloyed Gold-Silver Nanoparticles

We present for the first time a theoretical model of <svg style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:28.4625px;" id="M1" height="13.775" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 28.4625 13.775" width="28.4625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"><g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"><text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"><tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">E</tspan><tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6393328" y="0">r</tspan></text><text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-60.15,66.03)"><tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">3</tspan><tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0">+</tspan></text></g></g></svg>-<svg style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:35.424999px;" id="M2" height="13.775" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 35.424999 13.775" width="35.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"><g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"><text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"><tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">T</tspan><tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="7.6393328" y="0">m</tspan></text><text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-54.58,66.03)"><tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">3</tspan><tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0">+</tspan></text></g></g></svg>-<svg style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:27.625px;" id="M3" height="13.775" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 27.625 13.775" width="27.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"><g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"><text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"><tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">P</tspan><tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9641709" y="0">r</tspan></text><text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-60.82,66.03)"><tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">3</tspan><tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0">+</tspan></text></g></g></svg> codoped fiber pumped with both 800 nm and 980 nm lasers to explore possibility of this co-doped system as all-wave fiber amplifier. The rate and power propagation equations of the model are solved numerically and the dependence of the gains at 1310, 1470, 1530, 1600, 1650 nm windows on fiber length is calculated. The results show that with pump power of 200 mW/200 mW, when the concentrations of <svg style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:27.625px;" id="M4" height="13.775" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 27.625 13.775" width="27.625" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"><g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"><text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"><tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">P</tspan><tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="6.9641709" y="0">r</tspan></text><text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-60.82,66.03)"><tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">3</tspan><tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0">+</tspan></text></g></g></svg>, <svg style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:35.424999px;" id="M5" height="13.775" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 35.424999 13.775" width="35.424999" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"><g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"><text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"><tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; 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" x="29.182001" y="0">1</tspan><tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="35.433502" y="0">0</tspan></text><text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-30.26,66.03)"><tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">2</tspan><tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="4.3759999" y="0">4</tspan></text></g></g></svg> (ions/<svg style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:18.375px;" id="M10" height="13.775" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 18.375 13.775" width="18.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,13.775)"><g transform="translate(72,-60.98)"><text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,61.03)"><tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">m</tspan></text><text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.22,66.03)"><tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">3</tspan></text></g></g></svg>), respectively, the signals at 1310, 1470, 1530, 1600, 1650 nm may be nearly equally amplified with gain of 13–16.0 dB in the active fiber with length of 23.5 m; the co-doping concentrations and fiber length and pump powers may be further optimized to reduce the ripple.

Chun Jiang

Li Jin

Optimization of Multiple Active Ion Doped Fiber Amplifiers for Three Communication Windows

The spectral behavior of single and multiple phase shifts tilted fiber Bragg gratings has been experimentally investigated. To this aim, a simple and cost-effective postprocessing technique based on local thermal treatment was used to create arbitrary phase shifts along the tilted grating structure. In particular, UV written tilted fiber Bragg gratings were treated by the electric arc discharge to erase the refractive index modulation in well-defined regions. We demonstrate that these defects give rise to interference pattern for all modes, and thus defect states can be achieved within all the attenuation bands, enabling a simple wavelength independent spectral tailoring of this 
                  class of devices.

Andrea Cusano

Domenico Paladino

Agostino Iadicicco

Stefania Campopiano

Christophe Caucheteur

Single and Multiple Phase Shifts Tilted Fiber Bragg Gratings

We demonstrated a novel technique for all-optical 2-to-4 level amplitude-shift keying (ASK) coding based on a fiber optical parametric amplifier. A 20-Gb/s signal is realized by multiplexing two 10-Gb/s data streams.

Yu Liang

P. C. Chui

Kenneth Kin-Yip Wong

Demonstration of an All-Optical 2-to-4 Level Encoder Based on an Optical Parametric Amplifier

Accurate estimation of the axial position of a molecule using a single lateral image remains a challenge in fluorescent single particle tracking. Here, a principled algorithm for the Bayesian estimation of the axial position of a molecule in three-dimensional astigmatism-based particle tracking is proposed. This technique uses the data from a calibration image set to derive the position without assuming a functional form for the abberated defocusing curve. Using a calibration image set from forty 57 nm beads, the axial position is calculated,
and the error associated with position estimation is discussed. This method is compared to previously published algorithms.

Joshua W. Shaevitz

Bayesian Estimation of the Axial Position in Astigmatism-Based Three-Dimensional Particle Tracking

A simple truncated fused silica elliptical cavity is proposed to enhance the output performance of solar-pumped solid-state lasers. The imaging property of the truncated elliptical cavity ensures an enhanced absorption distribution within an Nd:YAG rod. Optimum pumping parameters are found through ZEMAX nonsequential ray-tracing and LASCAD laser cavity analyses. Compared with the output laser performance of a 3D-compound parabolic concentrator-2D-compound parabolic concentrator (3D-CPC-2D-CPC) cavity, the truncated cavity provides 11&#x25; more multimode and 72.7&#x25; more <svg style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:44.674999px;" id="M1" height="14.5375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 44.674999 14.5375" width="44.674999"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg> laser powers. A laser beam of high beam quality can be produced efficiently. The standard tracking error for multimode laser power is also reduced to only 4.0&#x25; by the truncated cavity.

Dawei Liang

Rui Pereira

A Simple Approach for Enhancing the Output Performance of Solar-Pumped Solid-State Lasers

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<p><em>International Journal of Optics</em> publishes both fundamental and highly applied studies on the nature of light, its properties and behaviours, and its interaction with matter.</p>


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<p>Chief Editor, Professor Cerullo, leads the Ultrafast Spectroscopy group at the Department of Physics at the Polytechnic University of Milan. His research activity has mainly focused on the physics and applications of ultrashort pulse lasers.</p>


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International Journal of Optics - Table of contents 2009

International Journal of Optics | Hindawi

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International Journal of Optics publishes both fundamental and highly applied studies on the nature of light, its properties and behaviours, and its interaction with matter.

International Journal of Optics