Esterification of Oleic Acid for Biodiesel Production Using a Semibatch Atomization Apparatus

Table 3

Conversion values in esterification studies with process intensification.

Reactor type	Alcohol	Temperature (K)	Time (min)	Catalyst	% of catalyst (g cat/g oleic acid)	Conversion (%)	References
Bubble	Ethanol	403	40	Sulfuric acid	0.1	>95	Silva et al. [6]
Bubble collumn	Methanol	393	60	Sulfuric acid	0.1	>95	Stacy et al. [47]
Supercritical	Ethanol	593	60	—	—	>99	Pinnarat and Savage [22]
Membrane	Ethanol	353	300	Amberlyst-15	5	98	Cannilla et al. [24]
Ultrasonic	Ethanol	333	120	Sulfuric acid	5	90	Hanh et al. [21]
Atomization	Ethanol	343	120	Sulfuric acid	0.7	87	This study