Ghanaian Clay as a Catalyst for Transesterificating Shea Butter Oil as Alternative Feedstock for Green Energy Production

Table 4

Comparison of properties of the shea butter biodiesel and the standards of biodiesel United States and Europe and improvement of key cold flow Properties.

Fuel property	Shea butter	ASTM D6751	EN 14214
	Shea butter
Cetane number	51	≥47	≥51
Oxidative stability (h)	2.87	≥3	≥6
Kinematic viscosity (mm^2/s; 40°C)	4.298	1.9–6.0	3.5–5.0
Pour point (°C)	6	Report^d	Country specific^d
Cold filter plugging point (°C)	13	—	—
Cloud point (°C)	2	Report^d	Country specific^d
Flash point (°C)	152	≥93	≥120
Ash content (%, w/w)	0.018	≤0.02	≤0.02
Sulfur content (%, w/w)	NG	≤0.05	0.020
Acid value (KOH mg/kg)	0.454	≤0.5	≤0.5
Water (mg/kg)	0.4	≤0.05	≤0.05
Density (20°C)	865	—	860–900
Free glycerin (%, w/w)	0.01	≤0.02	≤0.020
Total glycerin (%, w/w)	0.14	0.24	≤0.25

NG = negligible, CFP = cold flow properties^d Low temperature properties are not strictly specified, but agreed upon by the fuel supplier or purchaser.