Hydrodynamic instability model, considering the combined effects of the Taylor and Helmholtz instabilities, reflecting the influence of fluid thermophysical properties.
Macrolayer hydrodynamic model, constructing vapor stem and liquid macrolayer two-dimensional structure, reflecting the influence of vapor area ratio and fluid thermophysical properties.
Interfacial lift-off model, considering the instability of a liquid-vapor interface and wetting front behavior on boiling surfaces, reflecting the influence of fluid thermophysical properties.
Force balance model, considering the momentum force, gravity, and surface tension acting on a bubble, reflecting the influence of inclined orientations, contact angles, and fluid thermophysical properties.
Macrolayer lift-off model, describing the slice of the liquid microlayer, considering the momentum, conservation, and Laplace condition, reflecting the influence of fluid thermophysical properties, especially the density of the working fluid.
Force balance model, considering the momentum force, gravity, surface tension, and capillary wicking force, reflecting the influence of surface roughness, contact angles, and fluid thermophysical properties.