International Journal of Chemical Engineering

Research Article

Fatty Acid Content in Biomasses: State-of-the-Art and Novel Physical Property Estimation Methods

Table 1

Fatty acid content in the selected biomasses expressed in weight.
BiomassOil content (%)Caprylic acid, C8 : 0 (%)Capric acid, C10 : 0 (%)Lauric acid, C12 : 0 (%)Myristic acid, C14 : 0 (%)Palmitic acid, C16 : 0 (%)Palmitoleic acid, C16 : 1 (%)Stearic acid, C18 : 0 (%)Oleic acid, C18 : 1 (%)Linoleic acid, C18 : 2 (%)α-Linolenic acid, C18 : 3 (%)Arachidic acid, C20 : 0 (%)Eicosenoic acid, C20 : 1 (%)Eicosadienoic acid, C20 : 2 (%)Behenic acid, C22 : 0 (%)Erucic acid, C22 : 1 (%)Lignoceric acid, C24 : 0 (%)Others (%)References
Alexandrian laurel (Calophyllum inophyllum)NA    13.90.215.140.325.60.20.3      [22]
AlmondNA    5.07–6.780–0.50–1.457.54–73.9419.32–35.180.04–0.10      0–0.9[23, 24]
Andiroba (Carapa guianensis)NA    27174916        [25]
Argemone mexicana30–40   0–0.114.1–15.30–1.33.7–9.834.3–45.829.0–44.20–0.30–0.3  0–0.2   [26]
Avocado seeds1.1–1.60–0.28 0.20–0.600.54–1.3017.7–20.851.79–4.600.90–1.5017.41–24.135.30–38.894.10–6.580.04–0.800.45–2.00 0.40–1.110–0.121.68–3.30 [27, 28]
Babassu kernel (Orbignya sp.)60–700–50–635–4813–169–10 2–414–172–5       0–5[25, 29, 30]
Bay laurel fruitNA  18.33.521.80.53.830.920.50.4      0.3[31]
Bay laurel leavesNA  26.24.525.50.33.110.611.317.1      1.4[24, 31]
Bitter almondNA   0.110.3 3.933.946.04.80.2      [32]
Black currant (Ribes nigrum L.)2.2    6.4 1.616.157.813.20.2  4.7   [33]
Burdock seeds15–20    7  20694       [34]
Camelina38–47   0.05–0.25.1–6.80–0.32.7–3.414.3–19.714.3–19.628.6–38.40.25–1.8311.9–16.81.3–2.20.2–1.42.3–4.20–0.140–0.8[35–38]
Carapa seeds51   0.525.3 10.557.85.9        [39, 40]
Carob seeds1.73–1.84    10.3–12.00.63.5–4.628.1–31.849.1–51.01.4–1.7 0.6    1.7–2.5[41]
Castor oil42–54    0.84–1.30 0.78–3.602.92–4.901.27–5.400–0.780–0.660–0.63    84.7–89.6a[42–47]
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.)25–38    5.5–8.9 2.7–4.85.3–8.415.7–2650.0–69.3       [48–50]
Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.)1.93    5.1 1.121.471.10.5   0.8   [33]
Chlorophyceae (Botryococcus sp.)6.19    20.568.204.5644.746.3615.55       [51]
Chlorophyceae (Chlorella sp.)14.05   1.600.8635.720.858.5321.5015.300.36     15.27[51]
Chlorophyceae (Chlorococcum sp.)8.21   0.8621.650.900.5020.6021.302.810.4216.53    12.66[51]
Chlorophyceae (Dunaliella salina)6.25    36.40 5.3050.817.46        [51]
Coconut (copra)NA8.0–8.96.0–6.247.0–48.817.0–19.97.8–9.70.13.04.4–7.00.8–2.2        [24, 42, 52]
CornNA    11.67–11.80 1.85–2.0024.80–25.1660.60–61.300–0.480–0.24     0.3[24, 42, 43]
CottonseedNA   0.67–3.458.83–28.700.42–4.050.89–14.7210.3–30.720.6–62        [42, 43, 53–55]
Crambe abyssinica35    2.07 0.7018.869.006.852.09  0.8058.511.12 [43, 56, 57]
Crataegus monogynaNA  0.260.2013.21 2.2333.7844.60  1.37 1.01   [58]
Cumaru (Dipteryx odorata)NA    23 73729       4[25]
Cuphea viscosissimaNA0.364.73.04.57.0 0.912.26.7        [59]
Cyanophyceae (Calothrix sp.)3.42    26.956.553.9955.526.94        [51]
Cyanophyceae (Leptolyngbya sp.)3.23    13.741.534.7369.525.361.56   3.57   [51]
Cyanophyceae (Lyngbya sp.)2.52   1.2326.495.373.2454.534.005.15       [51]
Cyanophyceae (Nostoc muscorum)3.22    26.89  54.017.8511.24       [51]
Cyanophyceae (Oscillatoria acuta)4.47    13.61 8.5368.689.17        [51]
Cyanophyceae (Oscillatoria marina)6.61   0.2118.742.014.7463.158.90 0.65  1.60   [51]
Cyanophyceae (Spirulina platensis)7.75    22.532.345.2153.547.74    5.52   [51]
Cyanophyceae (Synechococcus sp.)4.2    8.7482.12 1.735.451.94       [51]
Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata)NA    2.9–3.1 1.09.7–33.98.2–16.81.1–16.60.710.9  42–42.5 9.6[60–62]
Euphorbia lathyris L.46    5.53–6.800–0.500–1.9878.20–81.463.71–4.622.78–7.85 0–0.50  0–0.20  [63, 64]
Forsythia suspensa30    5.65 1.9918.6872.890.79       [65]
Goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.)NA    15.1–21.81.0–3.12.61–4.7816.7–22.437.0–44.0 1.0–3.0  0.48–6.78   [66]
Grape seedsNA   0–0.097.2–10.35 3.8–6.6712.80–29.152.26–65.330–0.6 0–0.38 0–0.10   [58, 67]
Hazelnut kernel (Corylus avellana)51–75    4.9–5.10.2–0.42.1–2.676.9–83.68.5–13.10.20–0.20–0.3    0–0.4[24, 42, 68]
Jatropha curcas50–60  0–0.31 13.23–14.90.85–0.885.40–9.540.5–45.7932.27–36.990–0.3      0–1.93[60, 64, 69, 70]
Jojoba (Simmondsia Chinensis)45–55   0.30–3.503.10–9.000.60–2.20 28.20–46.300.20–3.10 0.30–3.8020.80–51.50  0–14.51.40–4.400.50–19.70[71–73]
Karanja (Pongamia pinnata)30–40    7.4–11.6 3.8–7.551.6–65.615.4–16.60–4.4      3.4–12.7[60, 70, 74]
Kusum (Schleichera trijuga)NA  0.3115.5410.35 11.1127.086.14 15.796.170.080.01  7.42[75]
Lemon seeds33.4–41.9    23.5–29.40.4–0.94.1–6.524.8–29.333.2–36.33.2–7.8      0.5–1.5[76]
Lesquerella fendleri    0.31.00.41.813.66.710.20.80.9    64.3b[47]
Linseed35–45    4.92–5.10.32.41–2.518.9–19.718.03–18.154.94–55.1       [42, 43, 60]
Mahua (Madhuca indica)35–40   0–0.1416.0–28.2 18.97–25.837.2–51.08.9–19.50–0.16       [60, 70, 77]
Meliaceae (Aphanamixis polystachya)NA    18.40.311.818.326.723.20.50.2  0.6  [78]
Mesua ferrea seeds55–57   0.05–2.1310.85–13.640–0.0913.65–14.1950.71–55.9313.68–19.470–0.320–1.30.18–2.92 0–0.35 0–0.19 [79–81]
Michela champaca45.0–45.5   0–0.5715.8–32.526.9–13.392.5–8.886.03–22.330.72–42.5  0–0.71     [82, 83]
Milk thistleNA    7.3–8.4 4.6–6.822.8–28.949.7–53.60–0.32.9–4.30.8–0.9 2.3–2.9 0.6–0.8 [84]
Milkweed seed (Calotropis gigantea)NA    15.5–16.70–0.39.0–10.5030.3–47.227.1–36.30–0.80–0.6  0–0.1 0–0.4 [85]
Moringa seed38–40   0–0.16.5–13.81.1–2.04.7–6.072.1–72.21.0–2.50–0.93.8–4.00.9–2.0     [86, 87]
Mustard seedNA   0.055.540.211.518.8310.7920.981.215.270.701.0937.711.684.43[36]
Neem20–30   0–0.2613.6–18.10–0.214.2–24.144.5–61.92.3–18.30.2–30.8–3.4      [60, 88–91]
Niger (Guizotia abyssinica)30    9.2 10.19.071.7        [92]
Olive kernelNA    5.00.31.674.717.6       0.8[24, 42]
Olive pomace8.5–14.9   0–0.049.37–16.200.68–0.802.68–3.0069.3–79.07.20–12.700.30–0.870–0.580–0.40 0–0.22   [93–95]
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)NA    9.790.131.9311.9474.47       1.7[96]
Orange peelNA    38.6 4.157.2        0.1[97]
Palm (Elaeis sp.)NA  0–0.30–1.135–430–0.34–740–4410–140–0.20–0.3     0–1.1[25, 35, 42, 98]
Corozo palm/Macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata)NA 5.050.913.17.6 3.017.92.5        [99]
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)40–50    6.7–11.4 1.73–3.9947.06–78.24.4–32.00.19–0.930–3.00–1.9 2.52–3.930–0.731.23–1.830–0.1[42, 43, 68, 100, 101]
Peppers (Capsicum)NA    10.6–14.4 2.7–3.95.4–7.673.9–77.9        [102]
Pequi (Caryocar sp.)NA    40 2474       7[25]
Polanga (Calophyllum inophyllum)NA    13.90.215.140.325.60.20.3     4.4[22]
Poon (Sterculia foetida)NA  0.10.218.4–23.00.37.3–8.21.0–16.411.0–45.90.7–2.32.3–6.5      [103, 104]
Poppy seed49.9–52.4    8.2–12.60–0.10–4.013.3–23.460.2–74.30–0.5       [24, 105]
Pot marigold seeds (Calendula officinalis L.)NA    3.86–4.55 0–24.44–6.2528.50–31.8651.47–57.63       [106]
Pumpkin seeds45  0–0.010–0.1110.2–12.510–0.155.43–6.036.1–37.0743.72–45.20.18–2.6 0–0.390–0.110–0.120–0.020–0.06 [107, 108]
Putranjiva roxburghiiNA   0.0310.230.0710.6348.6527.500.871.050.30 0.240.030.310.09[109]
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)NA   0.14–0.168.3–8.9 0.64–0.6820.8–24.950.7–54.37.7–8.40.55–0.591.53–1.750.15–0.170.96–1.011.87–1.930.44–0.46 [110]
Rapeseed (Brassica napus) or canola oil40–44   0–0.243.49–4.820–0.360.85–2.1058.9–64.418.8–22.37.6–11.10–0.700–1.35 0–1.450–1.090–0.120–2.48[35, 42, 43, 54, 63, 68, 69, 111, 112]
Rice bran (Oryza Sativa)10–26   0.516.2 2.142.837.2       1.2[113]
Rosehip seed (Rosa canina L.)0.82  2.50.417.82.68.852.62.11.63.5  8.0   [33]
Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed35–60   0–2.20.23–10.60.23–0.255.69–1212.7–42.0839.6–52.842.38–260.66–0.97      [54, 114, 115]
Safflower seedNA    7.3–8.6 1.9–1.9311.58–13.677.2–77.89        [24, 42, 43]
Sapium sebiferumNA    5.453.712.1313.7830.7138.87 0.59    4.76[64]
Sal (Shorea robusta) seed10–12  0.58 3.69–8.6 34.2–47.034.2–44.81.2–2.7 3.5–12.2      [60, 116, 117]
Sea buckthorn leavesNA   1.619.61.53.27.19.551.1   3.2  3.2[118]
Sea buckthorn peelsNA   0.432.928.61.816.18.84.4      7.0[118]
Sesame seeds35–58    7.0–13.1 3.5–7.035.0–52.830.2–50.0        [24, 42, 43, 119–121]
SoapnutNA    4.670.371.4552.644.731.947.0223.85 1.451.090.470.32[69]
Soybean (Glycine max)18–22    10–140–0.32–4.123–24.152–56.20–8      0–6[25, 35, 36, 42, 43, 54, 68, 70, 98, 122]
Spruce barkNA  0.250.8711.91 3.001.25  8.65  34.22 35.604.3[58]
Stillingia oil (Sapium sebiferum Roxb.)13–32  3.550.315.93–7.72 2.05–2.4615.24–15.9329.05–29.7739.54–41.20      1.75[123, 124]
Sunflower seedNA    6.08–6.80.12.9–3.2616.93–17.772.9–73.73        [24, 43, 54]
Syringa (Melia azedarach L.)NA    9.7–10.1 3.31–3.6721.69–22.3163.27–64.890.34–0.430.19–0.210–0.36     [125]
Tallow (animal fat)NA    23.30.119.342.42.90.9      2.9[24]
Tallow (Triadica sebifera L.)NA    55.78 0.545.929.1328.55      0.1[126]
Terminalia catappaNA   0–0.128.3–35.00–0.94.9–5.030.0–32.028.0–32.80–1.7       [39, 127]
Terminalia (Terminalia belerica Robx.) seed oil31–43    11.6–32.80–0.53.9–6.431.3–61.518.5–28.8 0.3–0.8      [128–130]
Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus)78.69   1.715.4 5.365.85.50.26.1      [131]
Tobacco seed (Nicotiana tabacum L.)38   0.09–0.173.0–10.960–0.203.34–5.012.14–16.067.75–72.980.69–4.200.20–0.250.12–0.13 0.07–0.12 0–0.040.69–3.12[132–135]
Tung (Vernicia montana)NA    2.3 2.45.66.30.10.20.9   0.182.2c[136–140]
Walnut (Juglans regia)52–70    7.20–0.21.9–2.615.1–18.556.0–60.712.8–16.2 0–0.2    0–0.5[24, 42, 68]
Wheat germNA   0–0.1317.4–180.17–0.230–0.716.1–16.555.1–57.77.9  0–0.28    [141, 142]
Wheat grainNA11.4  0.420.61.01.116.656.02.9      1.8[24]
Waste coffee ground10–15    33.99 10.917.1623.27 4.04     20.6[143]
Yellow oleander seed (Thevetia peruviana)60–65    15.03–23.280–0.396.16–10.7143.72–44.3519.85–31.990–0.790.79–2.41  0–0.49   [144–146]
Zanthoxylum bungeanum24–28    10.310.81.135.924.815.9      1.2[147]
aCastor oil contains 89.6 ricinoleic acid. bLesquerella oil contains 57.6 lesquerolic acid. cTung oil contains 82.2 elaeostearate acid.