Cognitive Impairment among Cardiac Arrest Survivors in the ICU: A Retrospective Study

Table 1

Patient characteristics and initial MMSE scores in total participants (n = 92).

	MMSE ≥ 24 (n = 28)	MMSE < 24 (n = 64)
Demographics
Male	20 (71.4)	43 (67.2)	0.687
Age, years	40.6 ± 13.0	48.5 ± 15.3	0.020
Comorbidities
CAD	3 (10.7)	7 (10.9)	0.975
CHF	1 (3.6)	1 (1.6)	0.543
Arrhythmia	0 (0.0)	3 (4.7)	0.244
Hypertension	4 (14.3)	13 (20.3)	0.493
Diabetes mellitus	0 (0.0)	5 (7.8)	0.128
Malignancy	0 (0.0)	1 (1.6)	0.506
OHCA	24 (85.7)	56 (87.5)	0.815
Cardiac cause	25 (89.3)	56 (87.5)	0.808
Shockable rhythm	22 (78.3)	44 (68.8)	0.336
Witnessed	25 (89.3)	54 (84.4)	0.534
Bystander CPR	21 (75.0)	40 (62.5)	0.243
Time to ROSC, min	19.6 ± 11.8	22.3 ± 14.8	0.396
Midazolam dose, mg	271.1 (184.5–342.9)	222.8 (162.6–319.1)	0.242
Time to obey, day	3.0 (2.3–3.0)	3.0 (3.0–3.0)	0.637
Time to exam, day	4.0 (3.0–6.5)	4.0 (3.0–5.0)	0.449
Time interval from last midazolam to exam, day	1.0 (0.0–3.8)	1.0 (0.0–2.0)	0.751
LOS, day	11.5 (9.0–17.0)	14.5 (9.0–21.8)	0.377
MMSE score	25.5 (24.0–28.0)	18.0 (13.3–21.0)	<0.001
Orientation to time	3.5 (3.0–4.0)	1.5 (0.3–3.0)	<0.001
Orientation to place	5.0 (4.3–5.0)	4.0 (3.0–5.0)	0.006
Registration	3.0 (3.0–3.0)	3.0 (3.0–3.0)	0.011
Attention/calculation	4.0 (3.3–5.0)	1.0 (0.3–3.0)	<0.001
Recall	2.0 (1.0–3.0)	0.0 (0.0–1.0)	<0.001
Language/visual construction	9.0 (9.0–9.0)	8.0 (6.0–9.0)	<0.001

Median (interquartile range); MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; OHCA, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation; LOS, length of hospital stay.