Research Article
Cognitive Impairment among Cardiac Arrest Survivors in the ICU: A Retrospective Study
Table 1
Patient characteristics and initial MMSE scores in total participants (n = 92).
| | MMSE ≥ 24 (n = 28) | MMSE < 24 (n = 64) | |
| Demographics | | | | Male | 20 (71.4) | 43 (67.2) | 0.687 | Age, years | 40.6 ± 13.0 | 48.5 ± 15.3 | 0.020 | Comorbidities | | | | CAD | 3 (10.7) | 7 (10.9) | 0.975 | CHF | 1 (3.6) | 1 (1.6) | 0.543 | Arrhythmia | 0 (0.0) | 3 (4.7) | 0.244 | Hypertension | 4 (14.3) | 13 (20.3) | 0.493 | Diabetes mellitus | 0 (0.0) | 5 (7.8) | 0.128 | Malignancy | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.6) | 0.506 | OHCA | 24 (85.7) | 56 (87.5) | 0.815 | Cardiac cause | 25 (89.3) | 56 (87.5) | 0.808 | Shockable rhythm | 22 (78.3) | 44 (68.8) | 0.336 | Witnessed | 25 (89.3) | 54 (84.4) | 0.534 | Bystander CPR | 21 (75.0) | 40 (62.5) | 0.243 | Time to ROSC, min | 19.6 ± 11.8 | 22.3 ± 14.8 | 0.396 | Midazolam dose, mg | 271.1 (184.5–342.9) | 222.8 (162.6–319.1) | 0.242 | Time to obey, day | 3.0 (2.3–3.0) | 3.0 (3.0–3.0) | 0.637 | Time to exam, day | 4.0 (3.0–6.5) | 4.0 (3.0–5.0) | 0.449 | Time interval from last midazolam to exam, day | 1.0 (0.0–3.8) | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 0.751 | LOS, day | 11.5 (9.0–17.0) | 14.5 (9.0–21.8) | 0.377 | MMSE score | 25.5 (24.0–28.0) | 18.0 (13.3–21.0) | <0.001 | Orientation to time | 3.5 (3.0–4.0) | 1.5 (0.3–3.0) | <0.001 | Orientation to place | 5.0 (4.3–5.0) | 4.0 (3.0–5.0) | 0.006 | Registration | 3.0 (3.0–3.0) | 3.0 (3.0–3.0) | 0.011 | Attention/calculation | 4.0 (3.3–5.0) | 1.0 (0.3–3.0) | <0.001 | Recall | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | <0.001 | Language/visual construction | 9.0 (9.0–9.0) | 8.0 (6.0–9.0) | <0.001 |
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Median (interquartile range); MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; OHCA, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation; LOS, length of hospital stay. |